- •1.Лексический модуль
- •2.Грамматический модуль
- •3. Тесты
- •Working with words
- •Working with word combinations and sentences
- •8. Rewrite these scrambled sentences putting the words in
- •9. Translate from Russian into English.
- •Working with texts
- •10. Read and translate the text.
- •Systematics
- •Light from Life
- •14. Text for translation into English. Text 4 Система живого мира
- •Speaking and writing
- •15.Make a report about any plant or animal, giving its classification.
- •16.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1. Word building.
- •2. Make word combinations using the following words.
- •3. Match a word in a to its definition in b.
- •4. Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •5. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •6. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
- •7. Read and translate the text.
- •8. Match a title to the paragraph.
- •9. Answer the questions to Text 1.
- •10. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •11. Text for translation into English.
- •12.Make a report about any bacterium you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention
- •13.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1.Word building.
- •2.Match a word in a to its definition in b.
- •3.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •4.Translate these word combinations.
- •5.Find out the difference between synonyms and write sentences, illustrating it.
- •7.Translate from Russian into English.
- •8. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Match a title to the paragraph.
- •10. Using information from the text,
- •11. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •12. Text for translation into English.
- •13. Make a report about any amphibian you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention amphibian`s
- •14.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150 -250 words).
- •1.Write antonyms for the following words.
- •2.Write synonyms for the following words.
- •3.Match a word in a to its definition in b.
- •4.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •5.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •6.Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
- •7. Read and translate the text.
- •Insects
- •8.Look at the picture and, using information from Text1, label parts of the insect.
- •9. Match a title to the paragraph.
- •10. Answer the questions to Text 1.
- •11. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •12. Text for translation into English.
- •13.Make a report about any insect you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention insect`s
- •14.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find additional information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1.Look at the picture and label parts of the fish.
- •2.Word building.
- •3.Give opposite meaning to the words from the box and insert them in the sentences of your own.
- •4.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •5.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •6.Match a word in a to its definition in b. Write your own sentences with these words.
- •7. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
- •8. Look at the pictures. What adaptations do these fishes have? Why?
- •9. Read and translate the text.
- •10. Answer these questions to Text 1.
- •11. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •12. Text for translation into English.
- •13.Make a report about any fish you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention fish`s
- •14.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150 - 250 words).
- •1.Word building.
- •2.Match an animal to a suitable group name.
- •3.Match a word in a to its definition in b.
- •4. Look at the picture and label parts of the bird.
- •5.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •6.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •7.Match a title and a paragraph.
- •8. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Match a title and a paragraph.
- •11. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •12. Text for translation into English.
- •13.Make a report about any bird you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention bird`s
- •14.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150 - 250 words).
- •1. Word building.
- •7. Separate parts of an animal from bear`s food.
- •8. Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •9. If someone behaves a people say they are b.
- •10. Translate from Russian into English.
- •11. Read and translate the text.
- •12. Find key sentences in each paragraph.
- •13. Write a title to each paragraph.
- •14. Answer the questions to Text 1.
- •15. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •16. Text for translation into English.
- •17.Make a report about any mammal you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention mammal`s
- •18.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1.Word building.
- •6.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •7.Match the beginning and the ending of the sentences.
- •8.Match a part of eye structure to its definition and its context.
- •9.Read and translate the text.
- •Invertebrates
- •10.Give a title to each paragraph.
- •11.Answer these questions to Text 1.
- •12. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •13. Text for translation into English.
- •14.Make a report about any invertebrate you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention invertebrate`s
- •15.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150 - 250 words).
- •1.Write another word with a similar meaning.
- •6.Label parts of the flower.
- •7.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •8.Translate into English.
- •9.Guess the meaning of the words from the context.
- •10. Read and translate the text.
- •11. Give a title to each paragraph.
- •12. Pair work. Ask and answer 6 questions to Text 1.
- •13. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •Venus Flytrap
- •14. Text for translation into English.
- •15.Make a report about any plant you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention plant`s
- •16.Choose any of the following ideas ( or propose your own), find information and write an essay ( 150-250 words).
- •1.Form nouns and adjectives from the verbs given. Pay attention to the suffixes.
- •2.Match definition in a to the word in b.
- •3. Look at the picture and label parts of the mushroom.
- •4.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •5.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •6.Read definitions and write names of the mushroom`s parts.
- •7. Explain the concepts given in your own words.
- •8. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Find key sentences in each paragraph.
- •10. Match a title with the passage.
- •11. Pair work. Ask and answer 6 questions to the Text 1.
- •12. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •13. Text for translation into English.
- •14.Make a report about any fungus you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention fungus`s
- •15.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1.Word building.
- •2.Match a word in a to its definition in b.
- •3.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •4.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •5.We know that scientific ideas could be :
- •6.Translate into English.
- •7. Read and translate the text.
- •Ideas about evolution
- •8. Pair work. Ask and answer 6 questions to Text 1.
- •9. Summarize the information from the text about one of the concepts and add some additional data.
- •10. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •11. Text for translation into English.
- •12.Make a report about any scientist you find interesting. There are several famous scientists mentioned in the article.
- •13.Writing
- •1.Use prefixes and form the new words.
- •2.Define the following words.
- •3.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •4.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •5.Make sure that you understand these verbs with prepositions and write sentences, incorporating them.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •7.Read and translate the text.
- •8.Give definitions to the following concepts from Text1.
- •9.Answer the questions to Text 1.
- •10. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •11. Text for translation into English.
- •12.Make a report about any ecosystem you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention ecosystem`s
- •13.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1.Match a and b to make word combinations.
- •2.Word building.
- •3.Explain the following words.
- •4.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •5.Give English equivalents to the following word combination.
- •6.Define the following concepts.
- •7.Make sure that you understand these verbs with prepositions and write sentences, incorporating them.
- •8.Translate into English.
- •9. Read and translate the text.
- •10. Pair work. Ask and answer 6 questions to Text 1.
- •11. Find key sentences in each paragraph and give paragraphs appropriate titles.
- •12. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •13. Text for translation into English.
- •14 Make a report about any problem, connected with extinction, you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention
- •15.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •8. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Match a title to the part of the text.
- •10. Pair work. Ask and answer 6 questions to the Text 1.
- •11. Read the texts using dictionary.
- •12. Text for translation into English.
- •13.Make a report about any particular case of adaptation you find interesting and unusual.
- •14.Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).
- •1.Write synonyms to the following words.
- •2.Match a word in a to its definition in b.
- •3.Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •4.Give English equivalents to the following word combinations.
- •5.Define the words in English and insert them in the sentences of your own.
- •6.Translate into English.
- •7.Explain in your own words these concepts.
- •8. Read and translate the text.
- •9. Match a title with the paragraph.
- •10. Pair work. Ask and answer 6 questions to Text 1.
- •11. Read the texts using your dictionary.
- •12. Text for translation into English.
- •13.Make a report about any endangered animal you find interesting and unusual. Write a plan first and do not forget to mention animal`s
- •14.Choose any of the following ideas ( or propose your own), find information and write an essay ( 150 – 250 words).
- •Infinitive/Gerund
- •It is… that (which, who).
- •Insert linking words from the box into the following sentences.
- •Insert linking words into the following texts.
- •1. Complete the table with singular and plural forms of nouns.
- •2. Match the adjectives with the nouns to construct word combinations. Use three of these word combinations in your own sentences.
- •3. Choose the correct word to complete the text. Be attentive! There are two odd words.
- •4. Give terms corresponding to the following definitions.
- •5. Explain the following terms.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Complete the table with singular and plural forms of nouns.
- •2. Form adjectives from the following nouns. Sometimes more than one adjective can be formed. Use three of the received words in your own sentences.
- •3. Choose the correct word to complete the text.
- •4. Give terms corresponding to the following definitions.
- •5. Label parts of the fish.
- •6. Explain the following terms.
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Complete the word combinations with prepositions. Use three of the received word combinations in your own sentences.
- •2. Match the adjectives with the nouns to construct word combinations. Use three of these word combinations in your own sentences.
- •3. Choose the correct word to complete the text.
- •4. Give terms corresponding to the following definitions.
- •5. Describe any plant.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Using different prefixes and suffixes create new words.
- •2. Match the verbs with the nouns to construct word combinations. Use three of these word combinations in your own sentences.
- •3. Choose the correct word to complete the text.
- •4. Explain the relationship between the following words.
- •5. Describe any ecosystem.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Write synonyms and antonyms to the following words.
- •2. Make questions out of the words. Then answer them.
- •4. Explain the relationship between the following words.
- •5. Give terms corresponding to the following definitions.
- •6. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1.Put the verbs in brackets into Present, Past, Future Simple; Past Continuous or Present Perfect Passive Tense.
- •1.Future forms
- •2.Articles
- •3.Countable and uncountable nouns
- •1.Degrees of comparison
- •2.Conditionals
- •1.Modals
- •2.Emphasis
- •3.Passive
- •1.Sequence of Tenses
- •2.Reported Speech
- •3.Linking words
It is… that (which, who).
It is these properties of the substance that are most important.
It was the English naturalist && Darwin who first published the book about evolution of species.
It was from experiments with peas that Mendel first derived laws of heredity.
GRAMMAR pages
Section 12
Passive
Образование: to be + past participle
The passive forms are:
Present simple am/is/are + pp The human brain is made of nerve tissues.
Present continuous am/is/are being + pp These burglars are being questioned now.
Past simple was/were + pp All letters were posted yesterday.
Past continuous was/were being + pp These burglars were being questioned this time yesterday.
Future simple will be + pp That film will be shown on TV next month.
Present perfect have been +pp Her bicycle hasn’t been repaired yet.
Future perfect will have been + pp Her bicycle will have been repaired by the end of the week.
Present infinitive (to) be + pp Her bicycle must be repaired. Her bicycle needs to be repaired.
Perfect infinitive (to) have been + pp Her bicycle must have been repaired last week.
–ing form being + pp I don’t like being stared at.
Modals modal + be + pp All letters must be posted today.
The passive используется:
когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно, не важно или очевидно из контекста. My car was stolen yesterday. (лицо не известно) Exotic fruit are grown in hot countries. (лицо не важно) The criminals were caught in the centre of the city.(лицо очевидно - полиция)
когда действие важнее, чем лицо, совершающее его. Часто используется в заголовках газет, инструкциях, рекламе и т.п. A new building for the university dormitory will be opened next year.
в неприятной ситуации, если мы не хотим называть или обвинять кого-либо. The windows in this room have not been cleaned. (вместо того, чтобы сказать: “You haven’t cleaned the windows”.)
При переводе предложения из активного залога в пассивный происходит следующее:
дополнениеактивного предложения становитсяподлежащимпассивного предложения;
подлежащимактивного залога можно пренебречь в пассивном залоге или оно превратится вагента, совершающего действие с предлогомbyперед ним;
глагол активного предложения превратится в причастие прошедшего времени.
Сравните: The students examined mice behavior. Mice behavior was examined by the students.
Только переходные глаголы (т.е. глаголы, за которыми следует дополнение) могут быть переведены из активного залога в пассивный: All students handed in the reports.The reports were handed in by all students.
Непереходные глаголы не имеют пассивных форм. Children go to school every day. (no passive)
Агент вводится предлогами by (кто совершил действие) and with ( с помощью чего было совершено действие): The door was unlocked by Tom with a key.
Слова people, one, somebody/someone , they, heи т.п. обычно не используются в качестве агентов, т.к. не несут какой-либо информации.
После глаголов make, hear, see, help в пассивном залоге употребляется инфинитив: The teacher made me learn the poem./ I was made to learn the poem.
В случае глаголов с предлогами в пассивном залоге эти предлоги следуют непосредственно сразу за причастием, образованным от данного глагола: They blamed him for theft. He was blamed for theft.
В случае с глаголами, которые могут иметь при себе два дополнения (напр., allow, award, bring, buy, feed, grant, lend, hand, offer, pass, promise, read, show, take, teachи т.д.), могут быть образованы две пассивные формы. Однако предпочтительнее начинать предложение с лица, а не с предмета:active:Tomgaveme a gift. passive:a)I was givenagiftbyTom.(предпочтительнее)
b)A gift was given to me by Tom.
Exercises
Complete the sentences with the verb in the correct form: Present Simple Passive Tense.
The process of taking food into the body ….. (call) ingestion. The food …..(break) into relatively small pieces in the mouth by chewing and these fragments are then …… (break) down into simpler substances by the processes of digestion. Digested food ….. (absorb) from the digestive tract by the blood and ….. (distribute) to the cells of the body. Its incorporation into the protoplasm of these cells …… (call) assimilation.
Not all the material that ….. (ingest) can be digested. So the substances, such as cellulose, cannot ….. (digest) by man and must therefore ….. (discard) as wastes. This process, involving the passage of undigested materials from the body, ….. (know) as egestion. Ingestion, digestion, and egestion are functions of specialized organs referred to collectively as the digestive system. This system ….. (make) up of the alimentary tract, that includes the mouth, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The accessory organs and glands ….. (connect) with the tract or …… (locate) within its walls - the salivary glands, pancreas, liver, the glands of the stomach, and the glands of the small intestine.
The major organs of the alimentary tract lie inside the body in a tube - within-a-tube arrangement. The outer tube ….. (make) up of the skin and the muscle layers just under it. The inner tube ….. (form) by the organs of the alimentary tract, which are hollow, their walls ….. (compose) of layers of muscle. The space between the two tubes ….. (call) the coelom or body cavity and ….. (line) with a thin membrane, the peritoneum.
Complete the sentences with the verb in the correct form Present Simple Passive, Past Simple Passive Tenses.
1. All living things ….. (characterize) by the presence of a complex substance called protoplasm.
2.Protoplasm first ..... (recognise) as a living substance by the French zoologist Dujardin in 1835.
3. All metabolic reactions are made possible by special types of proteins called enzymes.
4. Many characteristics of protoplasm may ..... (study) in living organisms of small size.
5. The oxygen used up in the respiration of plants and animals ..... (restore) through the process of photosynthesis.
6. Carbon dioxide ..... (absorb) from the atmosphere through the stomata of the leaves.
7. Several kinds of animals ...... (domesticate) by the late Stone Age.
9.Snowy owls most often ..... (see) along seacoasts and lake shores.
Complete the sentences with the verb in the correct form: Passive or Active.
ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN
The greater part of the atmosphere ….. (consist) of nitrogen, but the nitrogen, which ….. (require) by plants and animals to build up their tissues, is never available in sufficient quantities. This is due to the fact that free nitrogen cannot ….. (use) for this purpose. It can …..(assimilate) only when it ….. (combine) with other chemical elements.
However, the bodies of animals ….. (be) unable to make free nitrogen combine in this way. If it were not for bacteria in the soil, the world’s supply of combined nitrogen would soon …..(exhaust).
Certain bacteria, which ….. (find) in the roots of some varieties of plants, fix the free atmospheric nitrogen and combine it with other elements, such as carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Plants …… (use) this combined nitrogen to build their tissues.
Certain other bacteria that ….. (find) in the soil combine the free atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia, which they …… (use) to form their own protoplasm. When these bacteria ……. (die), the nitrogenous compounds …… (remain) in the soil and …… (be) available for the nutrition of other plants.
Complete the sentences, using Passive.
English …… (speak) ….. all over the world. am/are/is + pp
Excuse the mess; the house ……(be) ….. painted. am/are/is being + pp
I …… (invite)…… , but I went anyway. was/were + pp
I felt if I ……….( watch)…... was/were being+ pp
……. Mary ……. (tell)? have/has been + pp
I knew why I …… (choose)…... had been + pp
You……… (tell) when the time comes. will be + pp
Everything …………. (do)….. by tomorrow. will have been + pp
Rewrite the following sentences in Passive.
I have just finished the work.
I think we shall have received the letter by Monday.
I had already written the composition when you came.
We heard that she had accepted the invitation.
The use of sulfa drugs has reduced considerably the death rate from pneumonia.
Chemotherapy has made much progress since World War II.
Lately scientists have developed some extremely valuable antibiotics.
Will the director have singed the document by three o'clock? Yes, he will.
He has translated two articles on physiology.
They have offered him a good job.
Translate into English.
Студентам-медикам преподают латынь.
Теперь во всем мире говорят по-английски.
Вчера нам показали необычный эксперимент.
Моему другу предложили очень интересную работу.
Здание университета построено три века тому назад.
Положительные атомы водорода притягиваются к отрицательным атомам кислорода.
Без хлорофилла пища не может вырабатываться в растениях.
Этот детёныш орангутана был конфискован у браконьеров и помещён в центр реабилитации.
Растения в эксперименте выращивались на кварцевом песке, в который добавляли растворы солей разных концентраций.
Рентгеноструктурный анализ молекулы ДНК был впервые осуществлён Уотсоном и Криком.
Кем был введён термин «геоботаника»?
Гидрофон был установлен, чтобы слышать песни китов.
Новая оранжерея строится второй год.
К которому часу работа будет закончена?
Письмо еще не отправлено.
Этот антибиотик был недавно получен в институте антибиотиков.
Новые лекарственные сульфапрепараты успешно использовались последнее время для лечения многих заболеваний.
До того как Пастер открыл способ лечения гидрофобии, раны людей, укушенных бешеной собакой или волком, прижигались раскаленным железом.
К 8 часам все вопросы были решены.
Ваша работа еще не напечатана.
GRAMMAR pages
Section 13
Sequence of Tenses
Согласование времен
1. Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в одной из форм настоящего времени, то глагол-сказуемое в придаточном предложении может стоять в любой временной форме, которая требуется по смыслу:
Не says that he was busy yesterday.
Не says that he will be busy tomorrow.
Не says that he is busy.
2. Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в одной из форм прошедшего времени, то в придаточном предложении глагол-сказуемое нужно употреблять также в одной из форм прошедшего, а именно:
a. Если действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляется глагол вPast SimpleилиPast Continuous:
Не told me that he studied here.
She said she was preparing for a report.
b. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного предложения, то в придаточном предложении употребляется глагол вPast Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous:
The rector said that the Moscow Higher Women's Courses had been reorganised into the Second Moscow State University.
c. Если действие придаточного предложения относится к будущему времени, а в главном действие относится к прошедшему, то глагол-сказуемое должен стоять в формеFuture-in-the-Past, которая образуется от соответствующих формFuture Tenses, но вместо вспомогательного глаголаwillупотребляетсяwould:
I thought I would know the way this time, but I was wrong.
3. В следующих случаях правило согласования времен не соблюдается, т.е. независимо от временной формы глагола-сказуемого в главном предложении в придаточном предложении глагол-сказуемое употребляется в любой временной форме, которая требуется по смыслу:
a. Если в состав сказуемого в придаточном предложении входит один из следующих модальных глаголов: must, ought, should
I knew that he must come to the Academy by 3 o'clock.
b. Если в придаточном предложении сообщается об общеизвестном факте или неопровержимой истине:
The teacher told the pupils that Novosibirsk stands on both banks of the river Ob.
Exercises
Put the verb in italics in the Past and rewrite the sentences, paying attention to Sequence of Tenses.
Nick asks when fresh newspapers will be brought.
I am asked when the lecture begins.
She is sure that they got tickets for the concert yesterday.
I hope that your brother will come to our party.
I think he has passed his examinations very well.
He says that he no longer lives there.
We know that he is busy now.
She says she is going to apply for the job.
Write the following sentences in the Reported speech, mind Sequence of Tenses.
I said to him: “Don’t open the window”.
“Stay in bed for two days”, the doctor said.
“The experiment is to be stopped”, the physiologist said.
All my friends asked me “How long did you stay in the South?”
I asked my friends “Will you attend the lecture on ‘Conditioned Reflexes’?”
“The operation was very difficult”, the physician reported.
“Can you prove your idea?” the reporter asked me.
“This is absolutely senseless!” my colleague exclaimed.
You have to make a report about a conference.
The subject of the conference: “How we can save the environment”. Tell about the following suggestions, using such phrases as “Scientist from Brasilia said…. African conservationists propose…. Dr Nert claims that…. Participants suggested….. etc”.
We protect wild animals`natural habitats.
Some animals may become extinct.
Governments should reduce exhaust of harmful fumes.
Can we put stricter laws into effect?
We encourage people to use environmentally friendly products.
We don`t pollute the water or damage the ozon layer.
More people should use public transport or bicycles.
What is done to encourage factories to recycle?
Translate the following sentences into English.
Он сказал, что будет делать доклад в понедельник.
Меня спросили, опытный ли он преподаватель.
Твоя сестра сказала, что видела новую пьесу на прошлой неделе.
Докладчик спросил нас, идем ли мы на лекцию.
Мать велела детям не трогать спички.
Мы попросили физиолога рассказать о его новом эксперименте.
Агентство «Рейтер» сообщило, что были проведены уникальные опыты с корой головного мозга.
Репортеры интересовались, много ли времени потребовалось ученому, чтобы сформировать у мыши условный рефлекс на звук.
Ученый ответил, что много времени у него отняло торможение.
Журналисты спросили, каковы достоинства нового способа исследования внешнего и внутреннего торможения условного рефлекса.
GRAMMAR pages Section 14
Reported speech
Косвенная речьиспользуется, когда необходимо передать слова третьего лица. Для передачи косвенной речи часто используются такие глаголы как: to tell, to say, to speak, to notice, to remark, to exclaim, to add, to inform, to remind, to explain и др.
|
Прямая речь |
Косвенная речь |
Пример |
|
Present simple |
Past simple |
Nick said: ”Sometimes I come home late”. Nick said that sometimes he came home late. |
|
Present continuous |
Past continuous |
Nick said:”My sister is studying French “. Nick said that his sister was studying French. |
|
Present perfect simple |
Past perfect |
Nick said:”My friend has just arrived from Paris”. Nick said that his friend had just arrived from Paris. |
|
Present perfect continuous |
Past perfect continuous |
Nick said:”I`ve been running this business for 3 years.” Nick said he had been running that business for 3 years. |
|
Past simple |
Past perfect simple |
Nick said:”I didn`t write that letter”. Nick said that he had not written that letter. |
|
Past continuous |
Past perfect continuous |
Nick said :”I was watching TV yesterday evening. Nick said he had been watching TV the previous day. |
|
Past perfect simple |
Past perfect simple |
Nick said:” I`d read lots of articles before I completed my report.” Nick said that he had read lots of articles before he completed his report. |
|
Past perfect continuous |
Past perfect continuous |
Nick said:”I had been looking for that article for weeks before I found it”. Nick said he had been looking for that article for weeks before he found it. |
|
Will |
Would |
Nick said:”I will go to Italy.” Nick said he would go to Italy. |
|
Can |
Could |
Nick said: “I can write the article”. Nick said that he could write the article. |
|
Must\have to |
Had to |
Nick said:”I have to leave early”. Nick said he had to leave early. |
|
may |
might |
Nick said:” I may return later”. Nick said that he might return later. |
При использовании косвенной речи часто необходимо изменить слово или словосочетание, указывающее на место или время:
|
Прямая речь |
Косвенная речь |
|
here |
there |
|
now\at the moment |
then\at the moment |
|
tomorrow |
the next\following day |
|
tonight |
that night |
|
next week\month\year |
the following week\month\year |
|
yesterday |
the day before\the previous day |
|
last week\month\year |
the week\month\year before the previous week\month\year |
|
ago |
before\previously |
Для того , чтобы сформулировать прямой вопрос (yes\no question),необходимо использовать словаif, whether:
“Do you live here?” he asked.
He asked me whether I lived there.
Exercises
Put the following words in the proper column.
-
speak
talk
say
tell
you something important a word English to a friend no
about simple things to the brother that dinner is ready
this in Russian a story me to prepare all my papers for the exam
the difference between a rat and a mouse little in public
quickly and loudly us some good news
Rewrite the following sentences in Reported speech.
|
прямая речь |
косвенная речь |
|
2) He concluded that…..
|
Put in these verbs.
say report exclaim state
ask reply tell
1) “The weather is getting better”, he ………………to me .
2) “How are you?”, my friend …………. me.
3) “I am all right, thank you”, I …………… .
4) “Ouch! I’ve burnt my finger!” father …………. .
5) “The experiments have been successful”, professor Quirk ……………. at the conference.
6) “So, this substance cannot be used in medicine,” the scientist ……………. .
7) “I am going away for a few days,” she ………….. us.
Rewrite the sentences from Exercise 3 in the Reported Speech.
Complete the sentences using your own ideas.
1. He told us that ………………… had become ……………………….. .
2. We were happy that ………………………… would go ………………… .
3. The Mars station reports that ………………………. walked …………………. .
4. The congress stated that ……………….. were punished ……………. .
5. We understood that ………………. hadn’t said ………………….. .
6. He asked me why …………………… was …………………. .
7. We decided that ………………… should pay …………………… .
Translate into English.
Он спросил, когда будут известны результаты эксперимента.
Пастер надеялся, что сможет найти причину болезни бешенства и средство излечения ее.
Я думала, что они все еще живут на юге.
Мы были уверены, что он скажет о своих наблюдениях в докладе.
Мне сказали, что кто-то ждет меня в лаборатории.
Ему сказали, что директор еще не подписал письмо.
Пастеру сказали, что бешенная собака искусала мальчика.
Мастер считал, что брожение вина вызывается бактериями.
Мы надеялись, что она примет во внимание наши замечания.
Я слышал, что он раньше работал в Пулковской обсерватории.
GRAMMAR pages Section 15
Linking Words
Предложения можно соединять разными способами. Например:
Для связи похожих понятий (similar qualities) используются следующие выражения:
…….. and also……
……and …….as well.
………….. as well as……….
In addition to……also.
……..both…………and
Для связи противоположных понятий (opposing qualities) используются следующие выражения:
……………..but…………
…………nevertheless\however…………..
Although\in spite of the fact that…………..
Слова-cвязки, которые используются для того, чтобы выразить:
Последовательность событий (sequence of events)
At first, before, until, while, during, then, after, in order to, finally, as soon as, eventually, at last.
Мнение говорящего (to state the personal opinion)
In my opinion, I believe, I think, In my view, It seems to me, fortunately, unfortunately.
Противоположное мнение (to introduce contrasting opinion)
It is argued that, on the other hand, contrary to, according to, in spite of…..
Дополнить данные или точку зрения (to add data or opinion)
Nowadays, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, besides, not to mention the fact, in general , nevertheless.
Сделать вывод (to conclude)
To sum up, all in all, all things considered.
Объяснить причину (to express cause)
Because of, owing to, due to.
Суммировать сказанное (to express effect)
Thus, therefore, consequently, so, actually, as a result.
Подчеркнуть мысль (to emphasize)
Obviously, clearly, in particular, needless to say.
Exercises