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54

Practical Urology: EssEntial PrinciPlEs and PracticE

In male humans it is assumed that the striated

9.

Wimpissinger TF, Tschabitscher M, Feichtinger H, et al.

muscle fibers of the pronounced anterior part of

 

Surgical anatomy of the puboprostatic complex with

the sphincter disperse below the puboprostatic

 

special reference to radical perineal prostatectomy. BJU

 

Int. 2003;92:681-684

ligaments. It is still unclear if striated muscle

 

10.

Young HH. The radical cure of cancer of the prostate.

fibers communicate with the structures of the

 

Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1937;64:472-484

bladder neck. In females it could be demon-

11.

Fritsch H, Lienemann A, Brenner E, et al. Clinical anat-

strated that parts of the striated external sphinc-

 

omy of the pelvic floor. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol.

ter could only be found in the two distal thirds

 

2004;175(III-IX):1-64

of the urethra.2,3,7,11,13,14,16,17,38-40

12.

Nakajima F, Takenaka A, Uchiyama E, et al. Macroscopic

 

 

and histotopographic study of the deep transverse

 

 

perineal muscle (musculus transversus perinei profun-

Summary

 

dus) in elderly Japanese. Ann Anat. 2007;189:65-74

13.

the female. Anat Rec. 1983;205:223-232

 

Oelrich TM. The striated urogenital sphincter muscle in

Knowledge of the anatomy of the lower urinary

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Oelrich TM. The urethral sphincter muscle in the male.

 

Am J Anat. 1980;158:229-246

tract was substantiated by comprehensive inves-

15.

Shafik A, Sibai OE, Shafik AA, et al. A novel concept for

tigations long ago.Over time,many consolidated

 

the surgical anatomy of the perineal body. Dis Colon

findings have been refuted and then recognized

 

Rectum. 2007;50:2120-2125

16.

TA S, Delancey JO. Structure of the perineal membrane

again. Current urological treatments are based

 

in females: gross and microscopic anatomy. Obstet

on these anatomical conclusions. It has been

 

 

Gynecol. 2008;111:686-693

shown that while some irrevocable facts have

17.

Wallner C, Dabhoiwala NF, Deruiter MC, et al. The ana-

been substantiated in several fields of urological

 

tomical components of urinary continence. Eur Urol.

anatomy, extensive exploration is still taking

 

2009;55(4):932-943

place. Especially the complex sphincter mecha-

18.

Schilling D, Horstmann M, Nagele U, et al. Cystectomy in

nism in both females and males as well as the

 

women. BJU Int. 2008;102(9 Pt B):1289-1295

19.

Baader B, Baader SL, Herrmann M, et al. Autonomic

pelvic neuroanatomy are examples of these

 

innervation of the female pelvis.Anatomic basis. Urologe

interesting research subjects. Only functional

 

 

A. 2004;43:133-140

studies will validate whether these upcoming

20.

Baader B, Herrmann M. Topography of the pelvic auto-

new aspects of anatomy will also lead to better

 

nomic nervous system and its potential impact on surgi-

treatment outcomes for our patients.

21.

cal intervention in the pelvis. Clin Anat. 2003;16:119-130

 

Di Gangi Herms AM, Veit R, Reisenauer C, et al.

 

 

Functional imaging of stress urinary incontinence.

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