Index

552

index

Antilymphocyte antibody, 191

needle ablation, prostate, 368

Antimicrobials

photo vaporization of the prostate, 368–369

pharmacodynamics

phytotherapy, 366–367

antimicrobial substances, 93–94

prostate resection, 368

minimal bactericidal concentration, 93

watchful waiting program, 366

minimal inhibitory concentration, 93

Bladder

and pharmacokinetics correlations, 94

afferent signaling, 123–124

pharmacokinetic parameters, 94

CNS targets

resistance patterns and bacterial spectrum, 94–95

g-amino butyric acid mechanisms, 132

susceptibility and resistance

neurokinin and neurokinin receptors,

clinical breakpoints, 92–93

132–133

epidemiological breakpoints, 92, 93

opioid receptors, 131

phenotypic expression, resistance

serotonin mechanism, 131–132

mechanisms, 92

efferent signaling

Apaziquone, 522

parasympathetic nerves, 124

Apomorphine SL, 377–378

somatic nerves, 125

Aprepitant, 133

sympathetic nerves, 124

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), 108

emptying phase

Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), 443, 444

vesico-bulbo-vesical micturition reflex,

Aspergillosis, 324

125–126

Autologous and allogeneic vaccines, 189

vesico-spinal-vesical micturition reflex, 126

functions, 123

B

micturition, 123

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 189, 518

peripheral targets

Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), 416

adrenergic receptors, 129–130

Ballistic lithotripsy, 407

afferent signaling mechanism, 126–127

Benign prostate enlargement (BPE), 212–213

cholinergic receptors, 127–128

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 212–213,

phosphodiesterases, 130–131

289, 353

transient receptor potential receptors, 130

acute urinary retention, 362

storage phase, 125

clinical manifestation, 361

Bladder cancer

epidemiology, 361–362

adjuvant chemotherapy, 522

growth factors, 362

bladder-preservation treatments, 521–522

incidence and prevalence, 361

CT-urography, 512

natural history, 361–362

cystoscopy, 512–513

pathophysiology

epidemiology, 511

obstructive symptoms, 363

incidence, 175

prostatism, 362

metastatic, 177–178

voiding symptoms, 362–363

muscle invasive, 176–177

patient assessment

muscle-invasive bladder cancer, 523

bladder and prostate imaging, 364–365

neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 522

clinical history, 363

NMIBC

endoscopy, 365

cystectomy and CIS, 518

frequency-volume charts, 363

device-assisted therapy, 520

management algorithm, 364, 365

intravesical chemotherapy, 517–520

physical examination, 363, 366

intravesical immunotherapy, 518

post-void residual, 364–365

patient, follow-up, 522–523

prostate-specific antigen, 364

risk groups, 515–517

symptom score, 363

non-muscle invasive (TaT1), 175–177

urinalysis, 363–364

pathology, 515

urodynamics, 365–366

preoperative radiotherapy, 522

PSA concentration, 362

radical cystectomy, 520–521

treatment

risk factors, 511

alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonists, 367

screening, role of, 512

antimuscarinics, 368

sexual function-preserving techniques, 521

5a-reductase inhibitors, 367–368

signs and symptoms, 512

holmium laser enucleation of the prostate,

transurethral resection

368–369

bimanual examination, 514

microwave thermotherapy, 368

histopathological diagnosis, 514

PDD-assisted TUR, 514–515

percutaneous surgery, 410

postoperative intravesical chemotherapy,

staghorn calculi, 410

515

stones and PUJ obstruction, 411

recurrence, risk of, 514

semirigid ureteroscopy, 406

re-TUR, 515

ureteric stones

urinary diversion, 521

endoscopic management, 408–409

urine tests, 513–514

intervention, 412

UUT imaging, 512

medical expulsive therapy, 411

Bladder injury

obesity, 412

adult and children, 503

pregnancy, 412

computed tomography, 503

treatment outcomes, 411

diagnosis and treatment algorithm, 503, 504

Candidiasis, 323–324

DRE, 503

Capsaicin, 442

formal repair, 505

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), 457–458

gross hematuria, 503

Cervicitis, 344–345

initial management, 505–506

Chancroid

retrograde urethrogram, 503

diagnosis, 342

Bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI), 212

treatment, 342

Blastomycosis, 325

Chemotherapy

Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey,

adjuvant, 175

437–438

bladder cancer (see Bladder cancer)

Botulinum toxin (BTX), 442, 443

combination, 175

Brain lesions

penile cancer, 184

cerebellar ataxia, 459–460

prostate cancer (see Prostate cancer)

cerebral palsy, 459–460

renal cell carcinoma (see Renal cell carcinoma)

cerebrovascular accident, 457–458

side effects, 184

dementias, 459

testicular cancer (see Testicular cancer)

encephalitis/PML, 460

Chlamydia

epilepsy, 459–460

diagnosis, 345

Huntington’s disease, 459

treatment, 345–346

multiple sclerosis, 459

Cholinergic receptors

multisystem atrophy, 458–459

muscarinic receptors, 127–128

normal pressure hydrocephalus, 459

nicotinic receptors, 128

olivopontine cerebellar degeneration,

Chronic bacterial prostatitis. See Prostatitis

458–459

syndromes

Parkinson’s disease, 458

Chronic diarrheal states, 155

psychiatric disorders, 460

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS), 396. See also

ShyDrager, 458–459

Prostatitis syndromes

tumors, 460

Chronic prostatitis, 396

Bulbospongiosus muscle, 419, 420

Coccidioidomycosis, 325–326

Codon, 165

C

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 389

Calcium-based urolithiasis, 147–148

Condylomata acuminata, 287

Calculi

Congenital anomalies, 3–4

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,

Congenital ureteral obstruction

403–404

anomalies, 3–4

flexible ureteroscopy, 407

megaureter-megacystis syndrome, 14

intracorporeal stone fragmentation devices

pipestem megaureter, 13–14

ballistic lithotripsy, 407

prune belly syndrome, 14

electrohydraulic lithotripsy, 407

vascular ureteral obstructions, 14–16

laser lithotripsy, 408

Cop’s ring, 416

ultrasound, 407

Corpora cavernosa, 419–422

percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 404–406

Cryptococcosis, 324–325

renal stones

Cyclosporine, 192

calyceal diverticula stones, 410–411

Cystine-based urolithiasis, 148

endoscopic management, 409

Cystinuria, 156

flexible ureterorenoscopy, 410

Cystourethroscopy

horseshoe kidneys and stones, 410

flexible, 284

lower pole stones, 410

rigid, 283–284

D

diverticula, 17–19

Dapoxetine

extrophy, 19

clinical trials, 392–393

primitive cloaca, 16

patient reported outcomes, 393

structure, 16

pharmacokinetics, 392

urachal anomalies, 17

regulatory approval, 394

urogenital sinus, 16

side effects, 393–394

urogenital sinus division, 16

Detrusor-bladder neck dyssynergia, 280

Endocrinology

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), 215, 280

clinical manifestation, 219

Dipstick hematuria, 352

kidneys

Dipstick urinalysis, 354–355

endocrine functions, 231–232

Distal renal tubular acidosis, 155

primary hyperparathyroidism and

Diuretics

nephrolithiasis, 232

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 112

paraneoplastic syndromes

loop diuretics, 112–113

Cushing’s syndrome, 234

osmotic diuretics, 112

RCC, 233–234

potassium-sparing diuretics, 113–114

testis

thiazide diuretics, 113

androgen deprivation therapy, adverse effects,

DNA methylation, 165

230–231

Duloxetine, 132

hypogonadism (see Hypogonadism)

normal androgen metabolism, 219

E

physiological actions and tissue targets, sexual

Ectopic ureter

hormones, 223–224

embryology, 11

testosterone replacement therapy, 229–230

location

Endoscopy

female, 11–12

cystourethroscopy

male, 11

flexible, 284

symptoms, 12

rigid, 283–284

Ejaculation, 67

nephroscopy, 285–286

Ejaculatory function

ureteroscopy and ureteropyeloscopy, 284–285

abnormal ejaculation, 143–144

virtual reality simulators, 286

premature ejaculation, 143

Enteric hyperoxaluria, 155

Electrohydraulic lithotripsy, 407

Enterocele repair, 477

Electromyography (EMG), 454

goals, 477

Embryology

mechanisms, 476–477

gonads

principles, 477

anomalies, 21

Epididymal appendages

duct system, 23–25

acute scrotum

ovarian differentiation, 21

age, 314

testicular differentiation, 19–21

appendiceal torsions, 316

kidney

bell clapper deformity, 315

anomalies, 6–7

cryptorchid testis, 315

development, 4–6

Doppler vascular imaging, 316

prostate and urethral glands development, 23

extravaginal torsion, 315

prostatic urethral valves, 24, 25

history and physical examination, 314

ureteral development

leukocytosis, 314

anomalies of number, 9

testicular pain, 314–315

anomalies of origin, 8–9

spermatic cord torsion, 316–317

complete ureteral duplication, 9–12

Epididymitis, 344

congenital ureteral obstruction, 13–16

clinical signs and symptoms, 311–312

incomplete ureteral duplication, 9

definition and etiology, 310–311

ureteral orifices, 9

diagnostic evaluation of, 312–313

ureteroceles, 12–13

surgical treatment, chronic epididymitis,

urogenital sinus, 7–8

313–314

urinary bladder

treatment of

bladder duplication, 17

acute, 313

cloacal duct anomalies, 17

chronic, 313

development, 16–17

purulent and atypical, 314

transdermal testosterone therapy, 228

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy

treatment indications and pre-treatment

(IMRT), 535

evaluations, 227

International Continence Society (ICS), 437,

primary, 219

440, 441

secondary, 219–220

Intracavernosal therapy, 378–379

sex steroid replacement, 220

Intracorporeal stone fragmentation devices

Hypomagnesiuric calcium nephrolithiasis, 156

ballistic lithotripsy, 407

Hyposensitive bladder sensation, 276

electrohydraulic lithotripsy, 407

laser lithotripsy, 408

I

ultrasound, 407

Idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephro-

Intractable hematuria, 357–358

lithiasis, 155–156

Intralesional drug therapy, 381

Immunology, tumor and transplant

Intraurethral therapy, 379

antibodies, 188

Intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT)

cytotoxic and T-helper cells

distribution of, 386

autologous and allogeneic vaccines, 189

estimation, 387

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, 189

incidence, 385

immune reaction, 189

Intravenous urography (IVU), 356

lymphokines, 189

Iontophoresis, 381

MHC-peptide complex, 188–189

K

immune system, cancer therapy, 187–188

immunosuppression, 190

Kidney injury

induction therapy

endovascular therapy, 500

administer centre, 191

expectant management, 499

antilymphocyte antibody, 191

flank tenderness/ecchymosis, 497–498

goal of, 190

follow-up, 500–501

monoclonal antibody, 190, 191

grading system, 498, 499

polyclonal antibody, 190–192

hematuria, 499

side effects, 191

imaging guidelines, 498

innate immunity and physiologic response, 187

indications, 499

interleukin-2, 187

nonoperative management, 498–499

maintenance therapy

operative intervention, 500

allograft, 192

pediatric renal injuries, 501

azathioprine, 193

renal exploration and repair, 500

calcineurin inhibitors, 192–193

reno-vascular injuries, 501

corticosteroids, 193

Kidneys

mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic

anomalies

acid, 193

renal agenesis, 6

organ rejection

renal aplasia, 6

accelerated rejection, 193–194

renal ectopia, 7

acute rejection, 194

renal fusion, 7

chronic allograft rejection, 194

renal hypoplasia, 6–7

hyperacute rejection, 193

columns of Bertin, 30

posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, 194

development

rejection, 193–194

mesonephros, 4

skin cancers and lymphomas, 187

metanephros, 4, 6

Immunosuppression, 190

pronephros, 4–5

Infection lithiasis, 156

ureteral bud and collecting system, 5

Infectious urolithiasis, 148

Wolffian body, 4

Infective and inflammatory disease

endocrine functions

acute pyelonephritis, 81, 83

calcitriol, 231–232

emphysematous pyelonephritis, 83, 84

erythropoietin, 231

IVU/CT urography, 81

renin, 232

pyonephrosis, 83, 84

functions, 29

renal abscess, 83

Gerota’s fascia, 30, 33

ultrasound, 81

inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta, 29, 31

urosepsis, 81

nephrolithiasis, 232

xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, 83–84

paraneoplastic syndromes

pelvic organ prolapse, 214

stress incontinence surgery, 214

male

benign prostate enlargement, 212–213

urethral strictures, 213

mechanisms of obstruction, 207

neurourology, 214–215

normal lower urinary tract

anatomy, 207

neural control, 208–209

storage function, 208

voiding function, 208–210

sphincter activity, 216

symptoms, 207

Lymphogranuloma venereum

diagnosis, 343

treatment, 343–344

Lysis, 188

M

Macroscopic hematuria, 351

Male reproductive system

accessory sex glands

bulbourethral glands, 66

prostate, 65

seminal vesicles, 65–66

blood supply of testicle, 62

blood–testis barrier, 63

epididymis and ductus deferens

characteristics, 63

clinic, 64

ductuli efferentes, 63

ductus epididymis, 64

mucosa, 64

spermatic cord, 64–65

lymphatic drainage, 63

nerves, 63

penis

anatomy, 66–67

erection and ejaculation, 67–68

spermatogenesis

genetic regulation, 62

hormonal regulation, 61–62

meiosis and mitosis, 59

seminiferous epithelial cycle, 60–61

seminiferous epithelium, 59–60

spermatogonium, 60

testicular artery, 62

testis and scrotum

clinic, 57

descensus, 57–58

description, 57

male genital organ development, 59–60

male genital organs, 57–58

origin, 58

sexual differentiation, 58

testis and layers comparison, 59

Megaureter-megacystis syndrome, 14

Penis

grafts

amputation, 506–507

acellular collagen matrices, 257

anatomy, 66–67

epidermal/epithelial layer, 255

erection and ejaculation, 67–68

full-thickness, 255–256

fracture, 506

initial phase, 254

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

inosculation, 254

access, 405

mesh, 256

complications, 406

posterior auricular, 256

instrumentation, 405

rectal mucosal, 257

nephrostomy drain post, 405

split thickness, 255

principles, 404

tunica vaginalis, 257

Peripheral transcutaneous nerve stimulation

urothelium and buccal mucosa, 257

(PTNS), 443

vein, 257

Peristalsis

reconstructive ladder, 252

autonomic nervous system, 116

tissue characteristics, 252–255

infection, 120

tissue transfer principles, 252

mediators, 115–116

Polyclonal antibody, 190–192

modulation, 116–118

Polycythemia, 233

pregnancy, 120

Pontine Micturition Center (PMC), 457, 458

prostaglandins, 117

Posterior urethra injury

sensory nerves, 116–117

antegrade cystoscopy/cystogram, 505

smooth muscle-neurotransmission

endoscopic realignment, 505–506

coordination, 115

immediate management, 505

structural changes, 117–118

retrograde urethrogram, 503–504

ureteral obstruction, 118

staging, 504

ureteral pacemaking, 116

Postobstructive diuresis, 203

Peyronie’s disease (PD)

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease

clinical workup, 380

(PTLD), 194

diagnosis, 380

Posttraumatic arteriogenic erectile

extracorporeal shock-wave therapy, 381

dysfunction, 377

intralesional drug therapy, 381

Potassium balance

iontophoresis, 381

potassium distribution, 109–110

oral drug therapy, 381

potassium excretion, kidneys, 110

prevalence, 380

significance, 109

radiation therapy, 381

Potassium para-aminobenzoate (PotabaT), 381

surgical therapy, 381–382

Precipitation, 188

symptoms, 380

Premature ejaculation (PE)

Phagocytosis, 188

a1-adrenoceptor antagonists, 391

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors,

acquired PE, 386

377, 379

chronic prostatitis, 396

Phosphodiesterase type-5 isoenzyme (PDE-5)

clinical manifestation, 385

inhibitors

co-morbid ED, 395

PE, 394–395

dapoxetine, 392–394

Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), 515

definition, 387

Photo vaporization of the prostate (PVP),

distress, 388

368–369

epidemiology, 385

Pipestem megaureter, 13–14

etiology, 388–389

Plastic surgery

hyperthyroidism, 395

flap

intracavernous injection, vasoactive

axial/random, 257–259

drugs, 394

direct cuticular axial, 258

intravaginal ejaculatory latency time, 387

fasciocutaneous, 258

lifelong PE, 385–386

island, 258–259

natural variable PE, 386

muscuocutaneous, 258

oxytocin receptor antagonist, 396

peninsular, 258

pharmacological treatment, 389

genitourinary reconstruction

phosphodiesterase inhibitors, 394–395

bladder, 252

premature-like ejaculatory dysfunction,

buccal mucosa, 252, 253

386–387

Renal cysts

glomerular structure and function

benign renal cysts, 79, 81

autoregulation, 106–107

complex

capillary layers, 106

atypical features, 80

glomerular filtration rate (see Glomerular

Bosniak classification, 81–82

filtration rate)

CT images, 82

ultrafiltration, 105–106

hereditary

nephron, 105

adult polycystic kidney disease, 79

phosphate balance regulation, 111–112

parapelvic renal cysts, 80, 81

potassium balance regulation, 109–110

von Hippel Lindau disease, 79

sodium, chloride, and water reabsorption

Renal hypercalciuria, 152, 154

regulation, 108

Renal obstruction

transport process, proximal tubule,

causes, 197, 198

105, 106

effects, prenatal development

Renal stones. See also Stone disease

prenatal hydronephrosis, 197

calyceal diverticula stones, 410–411

signaling pathways and tissue interactions,

endoscopic management, 409

198

flexible ureterorenoscopy, 410

spectrum, renal abnormalities, 197–198

horseshoe kidneys and stones, 410

patient management

incidence, 76

antegrade urography, 202

lower pole stones, 410

computed tomography, 202–203

non-contrast CT

hypertension, 203

flank pain, 79, 80

intravenous urography, 202

multiplanar reformat, 79, 80

magnetic resonance urography, 203

renal enlargement, hydronephrosis, and soft

nuclear renography, 202

tissue stranding, 78

postobstructive diuresis, 203

renal obstruction, 78, 79

ultrasound imaging, 202

scout image, 78, 80

Whitaker test, 202

sensitivity, 77

renal functional changes

ureteric edema, 78, 79

current and future research, 200–201

percutaneous surgery, 410

electrolyte transport/renal concentrating

plain radiographs and IVU, 77, 78

ability, 199

staghorn calculi, 410

glomerular development changes, 199–200

stones and PUJ obstruction, 411

inflammatory mediators, 199

structural abnormalities, 76

limitations, animal models, 200

ultrasound, 77

mechanical stretch, renal tubules, 200

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), 199

renal growth/counterbalance, 199

Resistive index (RI), 202

unilateral vs. bilateral, 200, 201

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND),

vascular changes, 199

542–545

Renal physiology

Retroperitoneum, 29–30

acid-base balance regulation, 110–111

lymphatics, 39

body fluid compartments

nerves, 39–40

fluid composition, 107

intracellular and extracellular

S

compartments, 107

Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), 443

osmolality, 108

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN),

solute constituents, 107–108

456, 460

volume, 108

Scabies

body osmolality and body fluid volume control,

diagnosis, 348

108–109

treatment, 348

calcium balance regulation, 111

Schistosomiasis

daily renal turnover, 105, 106

clinical manifestations, 332

diuretics

diagnosis, 333

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 112

Schistosoma haematobium, 332

loop diuretics, 112–113

treatment, 333–334

osmotic diuretics, 112

Seminal vesicles, 65–66

potassium-sparing diuretics, 113–114

Semirigid ureteroscopy, 406

thiazide diuretics, 113

Serum chemistry, 150

Sexual desire/arousal

infectious urolithiasis, 148

CNS drugs, 141

metabolic evaluation

dopamine, 141

calcium stone formers, 149

enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs, 141

chemical analysis, 150

neurohormones, 140

first time stone formers, 149

phases, 139

goal of, 149

serotonin, 141

medical history, 150

steroids

nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis, 149

estrogens, 140

physical examination, 150

hypogonadism, 140

radiologic imaging, 151

testosterone, 139–140

serum chemistry, 150

Sexually transmitted infections

stone analysis, 150

cervicitis, 344–345

urine evaluation, 150–151

chlamydia, 345–346

selective medical therapy

epididymitis, 344

absorptive hypercalciuria, 152

genital ulcers, 339–341

cystinuria, 156

chancroid, 342

enteric hyperoxaluria, 155

herpes simplex virus, 339, 342

gouty diathesis, 156

lymphogranuloma venereum, 343–344

hyperuricosuric calcium oxalate

syphilis, 342–343

nephrolithiasis, 155

gonorrhea, 346

hypocitraturic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis,

human papilloma virus, 347–348

155–156

scabies, 348

hypomagnesiuric calcium nephrolithiasis, 156

trichomoniasis, 346–347

infection lithiasis, 156

urethritis, 344

medication, 152–154

Sirolimus, 192–193

primary hyperparathyroidism, 154–155

Small intestinal submucosa (SIS), 427

renal hypercalciuria, 152, 154

Sorafenib, 171

stone composition and clinical associations, 147, 148

Spermatogenesis

uric acid urolithiasis, 148

genetic regulation of spermatogenesis, 62

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)

hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis,

female therapies

61–62

duloxetine, 445–446

meiosis, 59

estrogen receptors, 446

mitosis, 59

PFMT, 445

seminiferous epithelium, 59–60

TOT, 446–447

spermatogonium, 60

TVT, 446

stages of seminiferous epithelial cycle, 60–61

International Continence Society, 446

Sphincter

male therapies

anatomy and function, 52–53

AUS, 444

muscular structures, 51–52

detrusor hypocontractility, 444

Spinal cord injury (SCI), 460–461

periurethral bulking agents, 443

Spinal lesions

Sunitinib, 171

intervertebral disk prolapse, 460

Syphilis

spinal cord injury, 460–461

diagnosis, 342–343

transverse myelitis, 461

treatment, 343

Spironolactone, 113–114

Stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumours

T

(NSGCT), 182

Tacrolimus, 192

Stauffer syndrome, 234

Temsirolimus, 172

Stone disease

Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT), 446, 447

calcium-based urolithiasis, 147–148

Testicular cancer

conservative management

metastatic germ cell tumours, 182–183

citrus juices, 151

stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumours, 182

dietary restrictions, 151–152

stage I seminoma, 182

increased fluid intake, 151

Testicular differentiation

restricted oxalate diet, 152

caudal migration, gubenaculum, 21

cystine-based urolithiasis, 148

disorders, 23

epidemiology, 147

testis development, 19–21

Testicular torsion. See Epididymal appendages

Thyroxine, 395

Testis

Tissue transfer

androgen deprivation therapy, adverse effects

flap (see Flap)

body composition, 230

grafts (see Grafts)

bone metabolism, 231

principles, 252

cognitive decline, 230–231

tissue characteristics, 252–255

insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, 230

Tramadol, 131, 394

clinic, 57

Transobturator tape (TOT), 446–447

descensus, 57–58

Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT), 368

description, 57

Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate

hypogonadism (see Hypogonadism)

(TUNA), 368

male genital organ development, 59–60

Transurethral resection (TUR), 516

male genital organs, 57–58

bimanual examination, 514

normal androgen metabolism, 219

histopathological diagnosis, 514

origin, 58

PDD-assisted TUR, 514–515

physiological actions and tissue targets,

postoperative intravesical chemotherapy, 515

testosterone

recurrence, risk of, 514

bones, 223–224

re-TUR, 515

brain, 223

Trans-urethral resection of the prostate (TURP), 368

cardiovascular system, 224

Trauma

erythropoiesis, 224

adrenal injury, 501

metabolic syndrome, 224

American Association for the surgery of trauma

muscle mass and adipose tissue, 223

classification, 87

prostate, 223

angiography, 87–88

sexual differentiation, 58

anterior urethral trauma, 506

testis and layers comparison, 59

AV fistula/pseudoaneurysm, 88, 89

testosterone replacement therapy

bladder injury

BPH progression, 229

adult and children, 503

prostate cancer, 229–230

computed tomography, 504

Testis cancer

diagnosis and treatment algorithm, 503, 504

clinical stage 1 seminoma

DRE, 503

adjuvant low dose chemotherapy, 545

formal repair, 505

adjuvant radiotherapy, 545

gross hematuria, 503

risk-stratified adjuvant treatment, 545

initial management, 505–506

surveillance, 546

retrograde urethrogram, 503

contralateral testicular biopsy and TIN, 540–541

contrast-enhanced CT, 88

metastatic testis cancer

CT-IVP (CT with delayed images), 507

late toxicity, 547

cystogram, 507–508

post-chemotherapy resection, 547–548

haematoma, 88

primary combination chemotherapy, 547

hematuria, 87

salvage strategies, 548

injury management, 497

non-seminomatous germ cell tumor

IVU, 88

adjuvant treatment, 545

kidney injury

risk stratification, 542

endovascular therapy, 500

surveillance versus primary RPLND,

expectant management, 499

542–545

flank tenderness/ecchymosis, 497–498

post-orchidectomy management, 541–542

follow-up, 500–501

presentation and diagnosis, 539

grading system, 498, 499

primary surgery, 539–540

hematuria, 497

serum tumor markers, 539

imaging guidelines, 498

testis preserving surgery, 540

indications, 499

Testosterone replacement therapy, 227

nonoperative management, 498–499

BPH progression, 229

operative intervention, 500

prostate cancer, 229–230

pediatric renal injuries, 501

Thiazide-induced hypocitraturia, 155

renal exploration and repair, 500

Thymoglobulin

reno-vascular injuries, 501

down-modulation, 192

one-shot IVP, 508

T-cell depletion, 190–191

parenchymal laceration, 88

ultrasound, 85

ureteric calculi, 85–86

Ureteral and urethral strictures, 290

Ureteral development

anomalies of number, 9

anomalies of origin, 8–9

complete ureteral duplication

anatomic position, 10

clinical symptoms and signs, 10–11

ectopic ureter, 11–12

symptoms, 12

ureteral duplication, 9–10

Weigert-Meyer law, 9–10

congenital ureteral obstruction

megaureter-megacystis syndrome, 14

pipestem megaureter, 13–14

prune belly syndrome, 14

vascular ureteral obstructions, 14–16

incomplete ureteral duplication, 9

ureteral orifices, 9

ureteroceles, 12–13

urogenital sinus, 7–8

Ureteric stones

endoscopic management, 408–409

intervention, 412

medical expulsive therapy, 411

obesity, 412

pregnancy, 412

treatment outcomes, 411

Ureter injury

delayed diagnosis, 502–503

diagnosis, 501–502

treatment, 502

Ureteroceles, 12–13

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO), 197

Ureteropyeloscopy, 284–285

Ureteroscopy, 284–285

Ureterovaginal fistula

diagnosis and management, 489–490

etiology and presentation, 489

Ureters

anatomy, 115

blood supply, 115

peristalsis

autonomic nervous system, 116

infection, 120

mediators, 115–116

modulation, 116–118

pregnancy, 120

prostaglandins, 117

sensory nerves, 116–117

smooth muscle-neurotransmission

coordination, 115

structural changes, 117–118

ureteral obstruction, 118

ureteral pacemaking, 116

pharmacology

alpha antagonists, 119

calcium channel blockers, 119

568

index

M1 and M2 receptors, 442

pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic

OPERA Study, 442

correlations, 94

transdermal delivery systems, 441–442

susceptibility and resistance, 92–93

Uric acid urolithiasis, 148

bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial resistance

Urinalysis, 150

patterns, 94–95

Urinary bladder

complicated, 91

blood supply, 47–48

pathophysiology, 91–92

embroyology

prevalence, 91

bladder duplication, 17

uncomplicated, 91

cloacal duct anomalies, 17

Urine evaluation

development, 16–17

twenty-four hour urine collections, 150–151

diverticula, 17–19

urinalysis, 150

extrophy, 19

urine cultures, 150

primitive cloaca, 16

Urodynamic nomograms, 211–212

structure, 16

Urodynamics (UDS)

urachal anomalies, 17

neurologic diseases, 454, 455

urogenital sinus, 16

pelvic prolapse, 472–473

urogenital sinus division, 16

videourodynamic tracing, 454

lymph nodes, 47

Urodynamic techniques

neural system

pad testing, 264–265

anatomic nerve fiber, 47–48

post voiding residual, 267–269

sympathetic fibers, 48

typical test schedule, 265–266

structure, 47

uroflowmetry, 266–268

Urinary incontinence (UI)

volume voided charts, 263–264

clinical assessment

Urolithiasis, 287–288

PRO, 440

calcium-based, 147–148

VLPP, 441

cystine-based, 148

complications and consequences,

infectious, 148

438–439

metabolic evaluation, 149

epidemiology and risk factors

stone composition, 147, 148

BACH Survey, 437–438

uric acid, 148

bladder function, 438

Urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC), 513

EPINCONT study, 437, 438

Uterine/apical prolapse

mixed urinary incontinence, 448

hysterectomy, 476

pathophysiology

indications, 475

bladder dysfunction, 440

minimally invasive techniques, 476, 477

GABA, 439

myogenic theory, 439

V

neurogenic theory, 439

Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC), 252

OAB, 439

Vacuum constriction devices (VCD), 379–380

TURP, 440

Valsalva leak point pressure (VLPP), 441

stress urinary incontinence

Vascular ureteral obstructions, 14–16

female therapies, 444–448

Vault prolapse repair, 475

male therapies, 443–444

Vesico-bulbo-vesical micturition reflex, 125–126

urge incontinence

Vesicoenteric fistula, 491–492

conservative treatments, 441

Vesico-spinal-vesical micturition reflex, 126

invasive/surgical therapies, 442–443

Vesicovaginal fistula

pharmacotherapy, 441–442

conservative management, 485

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

cystoscopy, 484

antibiotics

etiology and risk factors, 482–483

choice, 95

evaluation and diagnosis, 483

complicated and nosocomially acquired

imaging, 484–485

UTI, 96–101

pelvic examination, 483–484

uncomplicated, community acquired

surgical management, 485–488

UTI, 95–96

treatment, 485

antimicrobials testing

VHL gene

pharmacodynamic parameters, 93–94

chromosome 3p, 164

pharmacokinetic parameters, 94

epigenetic change, 165

genetic changes, 164–165

W

germ line mutation, 164

Weigert-Meyer law, 9–10

HIFa

Whitaker test, 202

accumulation, 167

Wound healing

gene regulation, 166

inflammatory phase

gene transcription, 166, 168

hemostasis and wound sealing, 249

genomics and proteomics, 167

macrophages, 250

hypoxia response elements, 165–166

neutrophils, 250

normal regulation, 165, 166

platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, 249

polymerase chain reaction, 167

vasodilation, 249–250

somatic cell mutation, 164

plastic surgery (see Plastic surgery)

tumor suppressor gene concept, 163, 164

primary, 249

Voiding

proliferation phase

bladder outlet obstruction

angiogenesis, 250–251

cystometry, 211–212

collagen, 250

neurourology, 214–215

epithelialization, 251

post-void residual, 211

fibroblasts, 250

symptoms, 209–211

vacuum-assisted closure, 252

detrusor contraction, 208

wound contraction, 251

evaluation, 208

remodeling phase, 252

men, 208, 209

secondary, 249

synchronous outlet relaxation, 208

tertiary, 249

women, 210

Y

Voiding cysto-urethrogram (VCUG), 484

Von Hippel Lindau disease, 79. See also VHL gene

Yohimbine, 378