Юнг

qlh gb[m^v

Ihwlhfm _keb iZpb_gl m[_`^_g \ bkdexqbl_evgh k_dkmZevghf ijhbkoh`^_gbb k\h_]h g_\jhaZ lh y g_ klZgm _fm ij_iylkl\h\Zlv b[h agZx qlh lZdh_ m[_`^_gb_ hkh[_ggh _keb hgh ]em[hdh mdhj_gbehkv y\ey_lky ij_\hkoh^ghc aZsblhc hl ijbklmih\ m`ZkZxs_c g_hij_^_e_gghklb g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h hiulZ IhdZ wlZ aZsblgZy kl_gZ ^_j`blky y g_ klZgm __ ehfZlv lZd dZd agZx qlh ^he`gu kms_kl\h\Zlv dZdb_ lh \_khfu_ ijbqbgu lZdhc mahklb djm]hahjZ iZpb_glZ Gh _keb kgh\b^_gby gZqgml jZajmrZlv _]h aZsblbl_evgmx l_hjbx lh y [m^m ih^^_j`b\Zlv [he__ rbjhdmx ebqghklv qlh y b ^_eZe \ l_o kemqZyo dh]^Z ^_eh dZkZehkv hibkZgguo \ur_ kgh\b^_gbc

Lhqgh lZd `_ b ih l_f `_ fhlb\Zf y ih^^_j`b\Zx ]bihl_au \_jmxs_]h dZlhebdZ gh ^h l_o ihj ihdZ hgb jZ[hlZxl < ex[hf kemqZ_ y ih^^_j`b\Zx aZsblgu_ kj_^kl\Z b g_ aZ^Zx ZdZ^_fbq_kdbo \hijhkh\ h lhf gZkdhevdh bklbggu gZrb ij_^klZ\e_gby h[ wlhc aZsbl_ Fg_ ^h\hevgh lh]h qlh hgZ jZ[hlZ_l

Qlh `_ dZkZ_lky gZr_]h iZpb_glZ lh gZ^h kdZaZlv qlh \ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ kl_gZ dZlhebq_kdhc aZsblu jmogmeZ aZ^he]h ^h lh]h dZd y k gbf klhedgmeky Hg ihkf_yeky [u gZ^h fghc ihkh\_lmc y _fm bkih\_^h\Zlvky beb g_qlh \ wlhf jh^_ Lhqgh lZd `_ hg ihkf_yeky [u b gZ^ k_dkmZevghc l_hjb_c dhlhjZy lh`_ g_ hdZaZeZ [u _fm ih^^_j`db Gh y \k_]^Z ^Z\Ze _fm ykgh ihgylv qlh p_ebdhf gZoh`mkv gZ klhjhg_ mkeurZggh]h bf \h kg_ \gmlj_gg_]h ]hehkZ \ dh_f y \b^_e qZklv _]h [m^ms_c p_evghc ebqghklb gZagZq_gb_ dhlhjhc khklhyeh \ lhf qlh[u hk\h[h^blv gZr_]h iZpb_glZ hl _]h h^ghklhjhgghklb

>ey bgl_ee_dlmZevghc ihkj_^kl\_gghklb kh k\hckl\_gguf _c ijhk\_s_gguf jZpbhgZebafhf \k_mijhsZxsZy gZmqgZy l_hjby lh`_ y\ey_lky hq_gv ohjhrbf aZsblguf kj_^kl\hf ² \ kbem ihljykZxs_c \_ju kh\j_f_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ \h \k_ gZ qlh ijbde__g yjeud gZmdb LZdhc yjeud kjZam mkihdZb\Z_l ihqlb lZd `_ dZd©5RPD ORFXWD FDXVD ILQLWDªKdhev [u mlhgq_gghc gb [ueZ gZmqgZy l_hjby k ikboheh]bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby kZfZ ih k_[_ hgZ bf__l f_gvrmx p_gghklv g_`_eb j_eb]bhaguc ^h]fZl IjbqbgZ a^_kv \_kvfZ ijhklZ \_^v l_hjby ih g_h[oh^bfhklb y\ey_lky \ \ukr_c kl_i_gb Z[kljZdlghc kh\_jr_ggh jZpbhgZevghc \ lh \j_fy dZd ^h]fZl \ujZ`Z_l ihkj_^kl\hf h[jZaZ g_qlh bjjZpbhgZevgh_ BjjZpbhgZevguc nZdl dZdh\uf y\ey_lky b ikbobdZ dm^Z emqr_ i_j_^Z_lky \ h[jZaghc nhjf_ ;he__ lh]h ^h]fZl h[yaZg k\h_fm kms_kl\h\Zgbx k h^ghc klhjhgu lZd gZau\Z_fhfm g_ihkj_^kl\_gghfm hiulm ©hldjh\_gbyª [h]hq_eh\_d dj_kl g_ihjhqgh_ aZqZlb_ LjhbpZ b l ^ k ^jm]hc ² khljm^gbq_kl\m fgh]bo mfh\ dhlhjh_ g_ ij_djZsZehkv gZ ijhly`_gbb \_dh\ ;ulv fh`_l g_ kh\k_f ihgylgh ihq_fm y gZau\Zx g_dhlhju_ ^h]fZlu©g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf hiulhfªlh]^Z dZd ^h]fZl bkdexqZ_l bf_ggh g_ihkj_^kl\_gguc hiul H^gZdh mihfygmlu_ fghx ojbklbZgkdb_ ^h]fZlu oZjZdl_jgu g_ lhevdh ^ey ojbklbZgkl\Z Hgb klhev `_ qZklh \klj_qZxlky \ yauq_kdbo j_eb]byo b djhf_ lh]h fh]ml kihglZggh ihy\blvky \gh\v b \gh\v \ nhjf_ kZfuo jZaghh[jZaguo ikbobq_kdbo y\e_gbc ih^h[gh lhfm dZd \ hl^Ze_gghf ijhrehf hgb bf_eb k\hbf bklhdhf ]ZeexpbgZpbb kgh\b^_gby khklhygby ljZgkZ Hgb \hagbdeb dh]^Z q_eh\_q_kl\h _s_ g_ gZmqbehkv p_e_khh[jZagh bkihevah\Zlv mfkl\_ggmx ^_yl_evghklv Fukeb ijbreb d ex^yf ^h lh]h dZd hgb gZmqbebkv ijhba\h^blv fukeb hgb g_ ^mfZeb Z \hkijbgbfZeb k\hb mfkl\_ggu_ nmgdpbb >h]fZl ih^h[_g kgh\b^_gbx hg hljZ`Z_l

kihglZggmx b Z\lhghfgmx ^_yl_evghklv h[t_dlb\ghc ikbobdb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h LZdhc hiul

[_kkhagZl_evgh]h ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc agZqbl_evgh [he__ wnn_dlb\gh_ kj_^kl\h aZsblu hl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h hiulZ g_`_eb gZmqgZy l_hjby dhlhjZy g_ ijbgbfZ_l \h \gbfZgb_ wfhpbhgZevgmx agZqbfhklv hiulZ GZijhlb\ ^h]fZl \ wlhf hlghr_gbb g_h[uqZcgh \ujZabl_e_g GZ f_klh h^ghc gZmqghc l_hjbb kdhjh ijboh^bl ^jm]Zy ^h]fZl `_ g_baf_g_g \_dZfb ©<hajZklª kljZ^Zxs_]h [h]hq_eh\_dZ ih djZcg_c f_j_ iylv lukyq_e_lbc Z LjhbpZ gZ\_jgh_ _s_ klZjr_

>h]fZl ij_^klZ\ey_l ^mrm iheg__ l_hjbb b[h ihke_^gyy \ujZ`Z_l b nhjfmebjm_l lhevdh kh^_j`Zgb_ khagZgby ;he__ lh]h l_hjby ^he`gZ i_j_^Z\Zlv `b\h_ kms_kl\h Z[kljZdlgufb ihgylbyfb ^h]fZl `_ kihkh[_g \ujZ`Zlv `bag_gguc ijhp_kk [_kkhagZl_evgh]h \ nhjf_ ^jZfu jZkdZygby `_jl\hijbghr_gby b bkdmie_gby K wlhc lhqdb aj_gby ihjZabl_evgZ ijhl_klZglkdZy kobafZ Ihkdhevdm ijhl_klZglbaf klZe \_jhmq_gb_f ij_^ijbbfqb\uo ]_jfZgkdbo ie_f_g k oZjZdl_jguf ^ey gbo ex[hiulkl\hf ijbh[j_lZl_evkl\hf [_kihdhckl\hf lh \iheg_ \_jhylgh qlh wlb hkh[_gghklb oZjZdl_jZ g_ \iheg_ kh]eZkh\u\Zebkv k p_jdh\guf fbjhf ih djZcg_c f_j_ gZ ^he]h_ \j_fy <b^bfh \ p_jd\b kebrdhf fgh]h_ khojZgyehkv hl,PSHULXP 5RPDQXP beb 3D[ 5RPDQD qj_af_jgh fgh]h ^ey bo _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh ^bkpbiebgbjh\Zgghc wg_j]bb <iheg_ \hafh`gh qlh bf gm`_g [ue g_ hkeZ[e_gguc f_g__ dhgljhebjm_fuc hiul ;h]Z dZd wlh qZklh kemqZ_lky k ij_^ijbbfqb\ufb b [_kihdhcgufb ex^vfb kebrdhf xgufb ^ey ijbgylby ex[hc nhjfu dhgk_j\ZlbafZ beb kZfhhlj_q_gby Ihwlhfm hgb hldZaZebkv hl ihkj_^gbq_kl\Z p_jd\b f_`^m ;h]hf b q_eh\_dhf h^gb \ [hevr_c kl_i_gb ^jm]b_ ² \ f_gvr_c M[jZ\ aZsblgu_ kl_gu ijhl_klZgl mljZlbe k\ys_ggu_ h[jZau \ujZ`Zxsb_ \Z`gu_ nZdlhju [_kkhagZl_evgh]h L_f kZfuf \uk\h[h^behkv h]jhfgh_ dhebq_kl\h wg_j]bb dhlhjZy mklj_fbeZkv ih ^j_\gbf dZgZeZf ex[hiulkl\Z b ijbh[j_lZl_evkl\Z ba aZ q_]h ?\jhiZ k^_eZeZkv fZl_jvx ^jZdhgh\ ih`jZ\rbo [hevrmx qZklv a_feb

K l_o ihj ijhl_klZglbaf klZgh\blky jZkkZ^gbdhf jZkdheh\ b \ lh `_ kZfh_ \j_fy bklhqgbdhf [ukljh]h jhklZ gZmdb b l_ogbdb gZklhevdh ijb\e_drbo d k_[_ q_eh\_q_kdh_ khagZgb_ qlh hgh aZ[ueh h g_bkqbkebfuo kbeZo [_kkhagZl_evgh]h Ihlj_[h\Zebkv dZlZkljhnZ \_ebdhc \hcgu b ihke_^mxsb_ ijhy\e_gby qj_a\uqZcgh]h mfkl\_ggh]h jZkkljhckl\Z qlh[u \hagbdeh khfg_gb_ \ lhf qlh k q_eh\_q_kdbf mfhf \k_ \ ihjy^d_ Dh]^Z jZajZabeZkv \hcgZ fu [ueb m\_j_gu qlh fbj fh`gh \hkklZgh\blv jZpbhgZevgufb kj_^kl\Zfb L_i_jv `_ fu gZ[ex^Z_f m^b\bl_evgh_ aj_ebs_ ² ]hkm^Zjkl\Z ijbk\hb\rb_ k_[_ ^j_\gb_ l_hdjZlbq_kdb_ ijblyaZgby gZ lhlZevghklv dhlhju_ g_ba[_`gh khijh\h`^Zxlky ih^Z\e_gb_f k\h[h^u fg_gbc Fu \gh\v \b^bf ex^_c ]hlh\uo i_j_j_aZlv ^jm] ^jm]m ]ehldm jZ^b ^_lkdb gZb\guo l_hjbc h \hafh`ghklb khl\hj_gby jZy gZ a_fe_ G_ kebrdhf ljm^gh aZf_lblv qlh kbeu ih^a_fgh]h fbjZ ² _keb g_ kdZaZlv Z^Z ² jZg__ kdh\Zggu_ b kem`b\rb_ ]b]Zglkdhc ihkljhcd_ mfZ l\hjyl gug_ beb iulZxlky kha^Zlv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ jZ[kl\h b ]hkm^Zjkl\h lxjvfm ebr_ggh_ \kydhc bgl_ee_dlmZevghc beb ^moh\ghc ijb\e_dZl_evghklb K_]h^gy g_fZeh ex^_c m[_`^_gu \ lhf qlh ijhklh]h q_eh\_q_kdh]h jZamfZ m`_ g_^hklZlhqgh ^ey j_r_gby ]jhfZ^ghc aZ^Zqb ² aZgh\h mkfbjblv \medZg

<k_ wlh jZa\blb_ ih^h[gh jhdm Y g_ klZe [u \haeZ]Zlv \bgm aZ g_]h gZ ijhl_klZglbaf beb <hajh`^_gb_ G_khfg_ggh h^gh ² kh\j_f_gguc q_eh\_d [m^v hg ijhl_klZglhf beb g_l

mljZlbe aZsblm p_jdh\guo kl_g klZjZl_evgh \hajh^b\rboky b mdj_iey\rboky k jbfkdbo

\j_f_g WlZ mljZlZ ijb[ebabeZ _]h d ahg_ fbjhjZajmrZxs_]h b fbjhkhab^Zx s_]h h]gy L_fiu `bagb mkdhjbebkv hgZ k^_eZeZkv ]hjZa^h bgl_gkb\g__ GZr fbj aZoe_klu\Zxl \hegu [_kihdhckl\Z b kljZoZ

Ijhl_klZglbaf [ue b hklZ_lky \_ebdbf jbkdhf b \ lh `_ kZfh_ \j_fy ² \_ebdhc \hafh`ghklvx ?keb hg [m^_l b ^Ze__ jZkiZ^Zlvky dZd p_jdh\v wlh ]jhabl q_eh\_dm ebr_gb_f \kydbo ^moh\guo ij_^hojZgbl_e_c b kj_^kl\ aZsblu hl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h hiulZ kbe [_kkhagZl_evgh]h `^msbo \uk\h[h`^_gby Ihkfhljbl_ gZ \kx g_\_jhylgmx ^bdhklv dhlhjZy l\hjblky \ gZr_f lZd gZau\Z_fhf pb\bebah\Zgghf fbj_ ² \k_ wlh aZ\bkbl hl ex^_c hl khklhygby bo mfZ Ihkfhljbl_ gZ ^vy\hevkdb_ hjm^by jZajmr_gby Hgb [ueb bah[j_l_gu kh\_jr_ggh [_ah[b^gufb ^`_glevf_gZfb jZamfgufb b m\Z`Z_fufb ]jZ`^ZgZfb dhlhjufb gZf lZd ohq_lky klZlv : ihlhf \_kv fbj \aju\Z_lky b gZklmiZ_l g_hibkm_fuc Z^ himklhr_gby b gbdlh aZ wlh dZ`_lky g_ g_k_l hl\_lkl\_gghklb Wlh ijhbkoh^bl keh\gh kZfh kh[hc gh \_^v wlh l\hj_gb_ q_eh\_dZ IhdZ dZ`^uc ba gZk m\_j_g qlh hg ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ebrv kh[kl\_ggh_ khagZgb_ ij_\hkoh^gh bkihegyxs__ k\hb h[yaZgghklb b kem`Zs__ ^h[uq_ kdjhfgh]h ^hklZldZ gbdlh g_ aZf_qZ_l lh]h qlh \ky wlZ jZpbhgZevgh hj]Zgbah\ZggZy lheiZ bf_gm_fZy ]hkm^Zjkl\hf beb gZpb_c \e_dhfZ dZdhc lh [_aebqghc g_hsmlbfhc gh m`Zkghc kbehc gbd_f b gbq_f g_hklZgh\bfhc Wlm kljZrgmx kbem h[tykgyxl ih [hevr_c qZklb kljZohf khk_^g_c gZpbb \ dhlhjmx keh\gh \k_ebeky aeh[guc ^vy\he LZd dZd gbdhfm g_ \_^hfh gZkdhevdh kZf hg h^_j`bf b [_kkhagZl_e_g lh kh[kl\_ggh_ khklhygb_ ijhklh ijh_pbjm_lky gZ khk_^Z Z ihlhfm k\ys_gguf ^he]hf h[ty\ey_lky ijbh[j_l_gb_ kZfuo fhsguo imr_d b kZfuo y^h\bluo ]Zah\ Om`_ \k_]h lh qlh wlh \_jgh \_^v khk_^b gZoh^ylky \h \eZklb lh]h `_ g_dhgljhebjm_fh]h kljZoZ < kmfZkr_^rbo ^hfZo ohjhrh ba\_klgh qlh kZfufb hiZkgufb y\eyxlky iZpb_glu ^\b`bfu_ g_ ]g_\hf b g_ g_gZ\bklvx Z kljZohf

Ijhl_klZgl hklZeky \ h^bghq_kl\_ i_j_^ ;h]hf M g_]h g_l bkih\_^b hlims_gby ]j_oh\ g_l gbdZdhc \hafh`ghklb bkdmie_gby RSXV GLYLQXP Hg ^he`_g \ h^bghq_kl\_ i_j_\Zjb\Zlv kh[kl\_ggu_ ]j_ob g_ bf_y gbdZdhc m\_j_gghklb hlghkbl_evgh [h`_kl\_gghc [eZ]h^Zlb k^_eZ\r_cky g_^hklb`bfhc ih ijbqbg_ hlkmlkl\by ijb]h^gh]h jblmZeZ Ijhl_klZglkdh_ khagZgb_ k^_eZehkv ihwlhfm [^bl_evguf ih^h[gh g_qbklhc kh\_klb wlh khagZgb_ h[j_eh g_ijbylgmx kdehgghklv \f_rb\Zlvky \ `bagv b aZljm^gylv __ ex^yf Gh l_f kZfuf ijhl_klZgl ^hklb] mgbdZevghc kihkh[ghklb hkhagZ\Zlv k\hb ]j_ob dZdh\Zy kh\_jr_ggh g_^hklb`bfZ ^ey dZlhebq_kdh]h khagZgby b[h bkih\_^v b hlims_gb_ ]j_oh\ \k_]^Z ]hlh\u mf_gvrblv qj_af_jgmx gZijy`_gghklv Ijhl_klZgl `_ ij_^Zg wlhc gZijy`_gghklb h[hkljyxs_c _]h kh\_klv Ihke_^gyy ² \ hkh[_gghklb g_qbklZy kh\_klv ² fh`_l [ulv ^Zjhf g_[_kguf ih^ebgghc [eZ]h^Zlvx _keb hgZ \uklmiZ_l dZd \ukrZy djblbqghklv ih hlghr_gbx d kZfhfm k_[_ KZfhdjblbqghklv bgljhki_dlb\gZy ijhgbpZl_evghklv ² wlh g_h[oh^bfh_ mkeh\b_ ihklb`_gby kh[kl\_gghc ikboheh]bb ?keb \u k^_eZeb qlh gb[m^v \Zk kfmsZxs__ b kijZrb\Z_l_ k_[y qlh `_ \Zk lhedgmeh gZ ih^h[gh_ ^_ckl\b_ lh kj_^kl\hf h[gZjm`_gby ih^ebgguo fhlb\h\ \Zr_]h ih\_^_gby [m^_l g_qbklZy kh\_klv gZ^_e_ggZy khhl\_lkl\mxs_c kihkh[ghklvx d jZaebq_gbx Lhevdh lh]^Z \u kihkh[gu m\b^_lv dZdb_ fhlb\u gZijZ\eyxl \Zrb ihklmidb @Zeh g_qbklhc kh\_klb ^Z`_ ijbrihjb\Z_l \Zk qlh[u \u h[gZjm`b\Zeb \_sb dhlhju_ jZg__ g_ hkhagZ\Zebkv L_f kZfuf \u fh`_l_ i_j_k_qv ihjh] [_kkhagZl_evgh]h b

meh\blv l_ [_aebqgu_ kbeu dhlhju_ ^_eZxl \Zk [_kkhagZl_evguf bgkljmf_glhf lh]h m[bcpu dhlhjuc khdjul \ q_eh\_d_ ?keb ijhl_klZgl kmf_e i_j_`blv ihegmx mljZlm p_jd\b b \k_ `_ hklZ_lky ijhl_klZglhf l _ [_aaZsblguf i_j_^ ebphf ;h]Z q_eh\_dhf g_ aZsbs_gguf [he__ dZdbfb [u lh gb [ueh kl_gZfb beb h[sbgZfb lh m g_]h bf__lky mgbdZevgZy ^moh\gZy \hafh`ghklv g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h j_eb]bhagh]h hiulZ G_ agZx m^Zehkv eb fg_ i_j_^Zlv qlh hagZqZe ^ey fh_]h iZpb_glZ hiul [_kkhagZl_evgh]h H[t_dlb\ghc f_jdb ^ey p_gghklb lZdh]h hiulZ g_ kms_kl\m_l Fu ^he`gu ijbgbfZlv _]h \ khhl\_lkl\bb k lhc agZqbfhklvx dZdmx wlhl hiul bf__l ^ey i_j_`b\Zxs_c _]h ebqghklb <Zk fh`_l m^b\blv lhl nZdl qlh ijb \g_rg_c [_kihe_aghklb g_dhlhju_ kgh\b^_gby g_qlh agZqZl ^ey jZamfguo ebqghkl_c Gh _keb \u g_ ijbgbfZ_l_ lh]h qlh wlZ ebqghklv \Zf ]h\hjbl beb g_ fh`_l_ ihklZ\blv k_[y gZ __ f_klh lh]^Z b g_ km^bl_ *HQLXV UHOLJLRVXV ² wlh \_l_j dhlhjuc ^urbl ]^_ ohq_l G_l lZdhc Zjobf_^h\hc lhqdb hihju k ihabpbc dhlhjhc fh`gh [ueh [u km^blv b[h ikbobdZ g_hlebqbfZ hl k\hbo ijhy\e_gbc Ikbob

;h`_kl\_gguc ^mo eZl

dZ _klv h[t_dl ikboheh]bb b jhdh\uf h[jZahf y\ey_lky h^gh\j_f_ggh km[t_dlhf ² hl wlh]h nZdlZ gZf gbdm^Z g_ ^_lvky

G_dhlhju_ kgh\b^_gby \u[jZggu_ fghx \ dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ©g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh]h hiulZª ^ey g_hiulgh]h ]eZaZ [_amkeh\gh g_ ij_^klZ\eyxl kh[hc gbq_]h \u^Zxs_]hky Hgb g_[jhkdb [m^mqb kdjhfgufb k\b^_l_evkl\Zfb bg^b\b^mZevgh]h hiulZ Hgb \u]ey^_eb [u ihbgl_j_kg__ _keb [u y fh] ij_^klZ\blv \kx bo ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv \h \k_f [h]Zlkl\_ kbf\hebq_kdh]h fZl_jbZeZ \ug_k_ggh]h gZ ih\_joghklv \k_f oh^hf wlh]h ijhp_kkZ Gh ^Z`_ \ky wlZ k_jby kgh\b^_gbc g_ kjZ\gblky ih djZkhl_ b \ujZabl_evghklb k ex[hc khklZ\ghc qZklvx ljZ^bpbhggh]h \_jhmq_gby Ihke_^g__ \k_]^Z y\ey_lky j_amevlZlhf ieh^hf jZ[hlu fgh`_kl\Z mfh\ gZ ijhly`_gbb fgh]bo \_dh\ <_jhmq_gb_ hqbs_gh hl \k_o kljZgghkl_c g_^hklZldh\ b ihjhdh\ bg^b\b^mZevgh]h hiulZ Gh ijb wlhf bf_ggh bg^b\b^mZevguc hiul dZdbf [u [_^guf hg gb [ue h[eZ^Z_l h^gbf \Z`guf ij_bfms_kl\hf hg y\ey_l kh[hc g_ihkj_^kl\_ggmx `bagv g_k_l \ k_[_ `b\h_ [b_gb_ imevkZ ^gy k_]h^gyrg_]h >ey bsms_]h bklbgm hg m[_^bl_evg__ kZfhc emqr_c ljZ^bpbb G_ihkj_^kl\_ggZy `bagv \k_]^Z bg^b\b^mZevgZ b[h [_] `bagb bg^b\b^mZe_g \k_ qlh k\yaZgh k bg^b\b^hf mgbdZevgh ij_oh^ys_ g_kh\_jr_ggh ² hkh[_ggh dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h kgh\b^_gbyo b bf ih^h[guo ijh^mdlZo mfkl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb Gbdhfm ^jm]hfm lZdb_ kgu g_ ijbkgylky ^Z`_ _keb m fgh]bo l_ `_ ijh[e_fu Gh dZd g_ fh`_l [ulv Z[khexlgh mgbdZevgh]h bg^b\b^Z lZd g_\hafh`gu b Z[khexlgh mgbdZevgu_ ih k\h_fm dZq_kl\m ijh^mdlu bg^b\b^mZevgh]h jZa\blby >Z`_ kgh\b^_gby khklhyl ba \ \ukr_c kl_i_gb dhee_dlb\gh]h fZl_jbZeZ ² lhqgh lZd `_ dZd \ fbnheh]bb b nhevdehj_ jZaebqguo gZjh^h\ g_dhlhju_ fhlb\u ih\lhjyxlky qmlv eb g_ \ b^_glbqghc nhjf_ Y gZa\Ze wlb fhlb\u Zjo_lbiZfb ih^ dhlhjufb y ihgbfZx nhjfu b h[jZau dhee_dlb\gu_ ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ \klj_qZxsb_ky ijZdlbq_kdb ih \k_c a_fe_ dZd khklZ\gu_ we_f_glu fbnh\ b y\eyxsb_ky \ lh `_ kZfh_ \j_fy Z\lholhggufb bg^b\b^mZevgufb ijh^mdlZfb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h ijhbkoh`^_gby :jo_lbibq_kdb_ fhlb\u [_jml k\h_ gZqZeh hl Zjo_lbibq_kdbo h[jZah\ \ q_eh\_q_kdhf mf_ dhlhju_ i_j_^Zxlky g_ lhevdh ihkj_^kl\hf ljZ^bpbb beb fb]jZpbb gh lZd`_ k ihfhsvx gZke_^kl\_gghklb WlZ ]bihl_aZ g_h[oh^bfZ lZd dZd ^Z`_ keh`gu_

Zjo_lbibq_kdb_ h[jZau fh]ml kihglZggh \hkijhba\h^blvky [_a dZdhc eb[h ljZ^bpbb

L_hjby ij_^khagZl_evguo bagZqZevguo b^_c gbdhbf h[jZahf g_ y\ey_lky fhbf kh[kl\_gguf bah[j_l_gb_f gZ qlh mdZau\Z_l m`_ l_jfbg©Zjo_lbiªijbgZ^e_`Zsbc d i_j\uf \_dZf gZr_c wju < ijbf_g_gbb d ikboheh]bb fu h[gZjm`b\Z_f wlm l_hjbx \ jZ[hlZo :^hevnZ ;ZklbZgZ Z aZl_f \gh\v m Gbpr_ <h njZgpmakdhc ebl_jZlmj_ X[_j Fhkk b E_\b ;jxev \ukdZau\Zeb koh^gu_ b^_b Y ^Ze ebrv wfibjbq_kdh_ h[hkgh\Zgb_ l_hjbb lh]h qlh jZg__ gZau\Zehkv bagZqZevgufb beb ijhklufb b^_yfb ©dZl_]hjbyfbª beb ©KDELWXGHV GLUHFWULFHV GH OD FRQVFLHQFHª ©UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV FROOHFWLYHVªb l ^ iml_f ^_lZevgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby

<h \lhjhf ba h[km`^Z\rboky \ur_ kgh\b^_gbc fu \klj_qZebkv k Zjo_lbihf dhlhjhfm y _s_ g_ m^_eye \gbfZgby Wlh hkh[h_ khq_lZgb_ ]hjysbo k\_q_c h[jZamxsbo dZd [u q_luj_ ibjZfb^u Lml ih^q_jdb\Z_lky kbf\hebq_kdZy agZqbfhklv qbkeZ q_luj_ ihkdhevdm ibjZfb^u aZgbfZxl f_klh bdhghklZkZ k\ys_ggh]h h[jZaZ OjZf gZau\Z_lky ©^hfhf kZfhkhkj_^hlhq_gghklbª ihwlhfm fu fh`_f ij_^iheh`blv qlh wlhl kbf\he kem`bl ^ey h[hagZq_gby ZelZjy7HWUDNW\V_keb \hkihevah\Zlvky ibnZ]hj_ckdbf l_jfbghf ^_ckl\bl_evgh hlghkblky d ©kZfhkhkj_^hlhq_gghklbª dZd h lhf ykgh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l khg iZpb_glZ Wlhl kbf\he ihy\ey_lky b \ ^jm]bo kgh\b^_gbyo h[uqgh \ nhjf_ djm]Z jZa^_e_ggh]h gZ q_luj_ qZklb \ g_dhlhjuo kgh\b^_gbyo iZpb_glZ ba lhc `_ k_jbb hg ijbgbfZ_l lZd`_ nhjfm g_jZa^_e_ggh]h djm]Z p\_ldZ d\Z^jZlghc iehsZ^b beb dhfgZlu q_luj_om]hevgbdZ ]eh[mkZ qZkh\ kbff_ljbqgh]h kZ^Z k nhglZghf ihkj_^bg_ q_luj_o ex^_c \ eh^d_ \ ZwjhieZg_ beb aZ klhehf q_luj_o klmev_\ \hdjm] klheZ q_luj_o p\_lh\ dhe_kZ k \hk_fvx kibpZfb a\_a^u beb khegpZ k \hk_fvx emqZfb djm]ehc reyiu jZa^_e_gghc gZ \hk_fv qZkl_c f_^\_^y k q_lujvfy ]eZaZfb d\Z^jZlghc lxj_fghc dZf_ju q_luj_o \j_f_g ]h^Z dhjabgdb k q_lujvfy hj_oZfb fbjh\uo qZkh\ k ^bkdhf jZa^_e_gguf gZ o ih^jZa^_e_gby b l ^

Wlb kbf\heu q_l\_jbqghklb \klj_qZxlky jZa \ k_jbb ba q_luj_okhl kgh\b^_gbc >Zgguc kemqZc g_ y\ey_lky q_f lh bkdexqbl_evguf Y gZ[ex^Ze fgh]h kemqZ_\ ]^_ \klj_qZ_lky qbkeh q_luj_ ² hgh \k_]^Z bf_eh [_kkhagZl_evgu_ bklhdb BgZq_ ]h\hjy h[jZa ijboh^be \ kgh\b^_gbb Z kgh\b^_p g_ bf_e ij_^klZ\e_gby h _]h kfuke_ b gbdh]^Z jZg__ g_ keurZe h kbf\hebq_kdhf agZq_gbb q_l\_jbpu Bgh_ ^_eh ² qbkeh ljb ihkdhevdm LjhbpZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h[s_ijbagZggh_ b ^hklmigh_ dZ`^hfm kbf\hebq_kdh_ qbkeh Gh q_l\_jdZ gZf \ hkh[_gghklb kh\j_f_gguf mq_guf ]h\hjbl g_ [hevr_ q_f ex[h_ ^jm]h_ qbkeh Qbkeh\hc kbf\hebaf kh \k_c k\h_c aZkem`b\Zxs_c ihql_gby bklhjb_c ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc h[eZklv agZgby p_ebdhf b iheghklvx e_`Zsmx aZ ij_^_eZfb khagZgby gZr_]h kgh\b^pZ ?keb kgh\b^_gby \ wlbo mkeh\byo klhev gZklhcqb\h ]h\hjyl h \Z`ghklb q_l\_jdb lh m gZk _klv ihegh_ ijZ\h kqblZlv __ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ [_kkhagZl_evguf Gmfbghaguc oZjZdl_j q_l\_jbpu hq_\b^_g \h \lhjhf kgh\b^_gbb Ba wlh]h nZdlZ fu ^he`gu k^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh kgh\b^_gb_ mdZau\Z_l gZ agZq_gby dhlhju_ fu gZau\Z_f ©k\ys_ggufbª LZd dZd kgh\b^_p g_ \ kbeZo ijhke_

©GZijZ\eyxsb_ ijb\uqdb khagZgbyª ©dhee_dlb\gu_ ij_^klZ\e_gbyª nj

^blv k\yav wlh]h nZdlZ k dZdbf gb[m^v khagZl_evguf bklhqgbdhf y ijbf_gyx kjZ\gbl_evguc f_lh^ qlh[u \uy\blv agZq_gb_ kbf\hebdb Dhg_qgh \ h[t_f_ ^Zgghc dgb]b

^Zlv ihegh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h[ wlhc ijhp_^mj_ kjZ\g_gby g_\hafh`gh Y \ugm`^_g h]jZgbqblvky ijhklufb gZf_ldZfb

Ihkdhevdm fgh]b_ kh^_j`Zgby [_kkhagZl_evgh]h dZ`mlky hklZldZfb ijhreuo f_glZevguo khklhygbc gZf gm`gh \_jgmlvky \k_]h gZ g_kdhevdh khl e_l gZaZ^ qlh[u ^hklbqv khagZgby lh]h mjh\gy dhlhjh_ h[jZam_l iZjZee_ev wlbf kh^_j`Zgbyf [_kkhagZl_evgh]h < gZr_f kemqZ_ fu fh`_f hlhclb gZaZ^ f_g__ q_f gZ ljbklZ e_l qlh[u h[gZjm`blv k_[y kj_^b mq_guo b gZlmjnbehkhnh\ dhlhju_ kZfuf k_jv_aguf h[jZahf h[km`^Zeb ijh[e_fm TXDGUDWXUD FLUFXOL WlZ fZehihgylgZy ijh[e_fZ kZfZ [ueZ ikboheh]bq_kdhc ijh_dpb_c dm^Z [he__ ^j_\gbo b kh\_jr_ggh [_kkhagZl_evguo ij_^f_lh\ Gh \ l_ ^gb hgb _s_ agZeb qlh djm] hagZqZ_l ;h`_kl\h©'HXV HVW ILJXUD LQWHOOHFWXDOLV FXLXV FHQWUXP HVW XELTXH FLUFXPIHUHQWLD YHUR QXVTXDPª dZd ]h\hjbe h^bg ba wlbo nbehkhnh\ ih\lhjyy K\ :\]mklbgZ LZdhc bgljh\_jlb\guc b bgljhki_dlb\guc q_eh\_d dZd Wf_jkhg g_ fh] g_ klhedgmlvky k lhc `_ b^__c b hg lh`_ pblbjm_l K\ :\]mklbgZ H[jZa djm]Z ² kh\_jr_gg_crZy nhjfZ kh \j_f_g ieZlhgh\kdh]h ©Lbf_yª\ukrZy \eZklv \ ]_jf_lbq_kdhc nbehkhnbb ² i_j_^Z\Ze lZd`_ kZfmx kh\_jr_ggmx km[klZgpbx ² ahehlh ijbf_gyeky ^ey h[hagZq_gbyDQLPD PXQGL bebDQLPD PHGLDH QDWXUDH ^ey h[hagZq_gby k\_lZ i_j\hl\hj_gby : lZd dZd fZdjhdhkf <_ebdbc fbj [ue kha^Zg l\hjphf LQ IRUPD URWXQGD HW JORERVD lh fZe_crZy qZklbpZ fbjZ ² lhqdZ lZd`_ gZ^_e_gZ wlhc kh\_jr_gghc ijbjh^hc DZd ]h\hjbl nbehkhn ©2PQLXP ILJXUDUXP VLPSOLFLVVLPD HW SHUIHFWLVVLPD SULPR HVW URWXQGD TXDH LQSXQFWR UHTXLHVFLWª Wlhl h[jZa ;h`_kl\Z kiys_]h b khdjulh]h \ fZl_jbb bf_gh\Zeky ZeobfbdZfb bagZqZevguf oZhkhf beb jZckdhc a_fe_c djm]ehc ju[bghc \ fhj_ eb[h `_ ijhklhURWXQGXPbeb ycphf Wlh djm]eh_ g_qlh h[eZ^Zeh dZd [u dexqhf k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h fh`gh [ueh ijhgbdgmlv \gmljv fZl_jbb DZd ]h\hjblky \ ©Lbf__ªlhevdh ^_fbmj] kh\_jr_ggh_ kms_kl\h kihkh[_g hl\hjblv l_ljZdlbk aZdexqZxsbc \ k_[_ q_luj_ we_f_glZ l _ q_luj_ khklZ\gu_ qZklb djm]eh]h fbjZ < h^ghf ba Z\lhjbl_lg_crbo k ;,,, \ bklhqgbdh\ ² 7XUED 3KLORVRSKRUXP ]h\hjblky qlhURWXQGXP fh`_l jZaeh`blv f_^v gZ q_luj_ khklZ\eyxsb_ LZd`_ `_eZggh_DXUXP SKLORVRSKLFXP [ueh djm]euf Fg_gby jZa^_ebebkv hlghkbl_evgh ijhp_^mju k ihfhsvx dhlhjhc fh`gh ^hklbqv

©;h] _klv mfhihklb]Z_fZy nb]mjZ q_c p_glj ih\kx^m hdjm`ghklv `_ gb]^_ª eZl

>mrZ fbjZ ^mrZ k_j^p_\bgu ijbjh^u eZl < nhjf_ djm]Z beb rZjZ eZl

©Ba \k_o nb]mj ijhkl_crbo b kh\_jr_gg_crbo i_j\Zy _klv djm] dhlhjuc ihdhblky \ lhqd_ª eZl

kiys_]h ^_fbmj]Z H^gb gZ^_yebkv meh\blv _]h \ nhjf_ i_j\hfZl_jbb kh^_j`Zsbc \ k_[_ hkh[mx dhgp_gljZpbx km[klZgpbb beb hkh[uc __ jh^ >jm]b_ iulZebkv kha^Zlv djm]emx km[klZgpbx k\h_h[jZaguf kbgl_ahf bf_gm_fuf ©FRQMXQFWLRª :ghgbf ba ©5RVDULXP 3KLORVRSKRUXPª ]h\hjbl ©K^_eZc ba fm`qbgu b `_gsbgu djm]euc djm] ba\e_db ba g_]h q_luj_om]hevgbd Z ba g_]h lj_m]hevgbd K^_eZ_rv djm] djm]euf b lu ihemqbrv nbehkhnkdbc dZf_gvª

Wlhl qm^_kguc dZf_gv kbf\hebabjh\Zeky kh\_jr_gguf `b\uf kms_kl\hf ² ]_jfZnjh^blhf ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ khhl\_lkl\mxsbf hmljl Wfi_^hdeZ > @ HY6DLARYHDUFDRV 4HR" djm]ehfm ^\mihehfm kms_kl\m IeZlhgZ ?s_ \ gZqZe_ ;,9 \ eyibk kjZ\gb\Zeky

I_ljmkhf k Ojbklhf dZd DOOHJRULD &KULVWL Gh \ $XUHD Gh]Z ljZdlZl_ ik_\^h Nhfu ;,,, \ lZbgkl\h dZfgy klhev `_ i_j\hkl_i_ggh dZd b lZbgkl\Z ojbklbZgkdhc j_eb]bb Y mihfbgZx wlb nZdlu ebrv ^ey lh]h qlh[u ihdZaZlv qlh djm] beb rZj kh^_j`Zsbc q_l\_jdm h[hagZqZe [h`_kl\h ^ey [hevrh]h qbkeZ gZrbo h[jZah\Zgguo ij_^dh\

Ba eZlbgkdbo ljZdlZlh\ lZd`_ \b^gh qlh lZbgkl\_gguc ^_fbmj] kiysbc beb khdjuluc \ fZl_jbb b^_glbq_g lZd gZau\Z_fhfm KRPR SKLORVRSKLFXV \lhjhfm :^Zfm Ih^ ihke_^gbf ih^jZamf_\Z_lky \ukrbc ^moh\guc q_eh\_d :^Zf DZ^fhg> @ qZklh hlh`^_kl\ey_fuc k Ojbklhf < lh \j_fy dZd i_j\uc :^Zf [ue kf_jl_c b[h [ue kha^Zg ba q_luj_o le_gguo we_f_glh\ \lhjhc khklhbl ba _^bghc qbklhc b g_le_gghc kmsghklb Ik_\^h NhfZ ]h\hjbl lZd ©6HFXQGXV $GDP GH SXULV HOHPHQWLV LQ DHWHUQLWDOHP WUDQVLYLW ,GHR TXLD H[ VLPSOLFL HW SXUD HVVHQWLD FRQVWDW LQ DHWHUQXP PDQHWª Fh`gh khkeZlvky lZd`_ gZ keh\Z jZgg_]h eZlbgbabjh\Zggh]h ZjZ[kdh]h nbehkhnZ gZau\Z\r_]hky K_ gbhj ² agZf_gblh]h b Z\lhjbl_lgh]h gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_o Kj_^gbo \_dh\©?klv h^gZ km[klZgpby dhlhjZy gbdh]^Z g_ mfbjZ_l b[h hgZ mihjkl\m_l \ g_ij_klZgghf \hajZklZgbbª Wlhc km[klZgpb_c b y\ey_lky \lhjhc :^Zf

Ba wlbo pblZl \b^gh qlh djm]eZy km[klZgpby jZaukdb\Z_fZy nbehkhnZfb ij_^klZ\eyeZ kh[hc ijh_dpbx q_]h lh koh^gh]h ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ k kbf\hebdhc gZrbo kgh\b^_gbc M gZk bf_xlky bklhjbq_kdb_ ^hdmf_glu ^hdZau\Zxsb_ qlh kgu \b^_gby ^Z`_ ]ZeexpbgZpbb qZklh ijbf_rb\Zebkv \ \_ebdb_ nbehkhnkdb_ ljm^u GZrb ijZhlpu k bo gZb\ghc mfkl\_gghc dhgklblmpb_c ijyfh ijh_pbjh\Zeb kh^_j`Zgby [_kkhagZl_evgh]h gZ fZl_jbx LZdb_ ijh_dpbb hgZ fh]eZ e_]dh ijbgylv ihkdhevdm \ lh \j_fy fZl_jby [ueZ ijZdlbq_kdb g_\_^hfuf b g_ihgylguf kmsbf : lZf ]^_ q_eh\_d \klj_qZ_lky k q_f gb[m^v p_ebdhf lZbgkl\_gguf hg [_a \kydhc djblbqghklb ijh_pbjm_l gZ wlh g_

RZj kn_jZ ]j_q

©<lhjhc :^Zf i_j_oh^bl ba qbkl_crbo we_f_glh\ \ \_qghklv Hg ij_[u\Z_l \ \_qghklb ihkdhevdm khklhbl ba ijhkluo b qbkluo kmsghkl_cª eZl

qlh k\hb ^h]Z^db LZd dZd \ gZrb ^gb obfbq_kdZy fZl_jby ohjhrh ba\_klgZ fu m`_ g_ fh`_f aZgbfZlvky ih^h[guf ijh_pbjh\Zgb_f k ij_`g_c e_]dhklvx dZd wlh ^_eZeb gZrb ij_^db Fu ^he`gu gZdhg_p ijbagZlv qlh l_ljZdlbk ih k\h_c ijbjh^_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc g_qlh ikbobq_kdh_ b fu ^Z`_ g_ agZ_f g_ hdZ`_lky eb wlh lh`_ ijh_dpb_c \ [he__ beb f_g__ hl^Ze_gghf [m^ms_f IhdZ qlh m^h\e_l\hjbfky l_f nZdlhf qlh b^_y ;h]Z iheghklvx hlkmlkl\mxsZy \ khagZgbb kh\j_f_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ \ha\jZsZ_lky \ nhjf_ dhlhjZy khagZl_evgh [ueZ _fm ba\_klgZ ljb beb q_luj_ klhe_lby lhfm gZaZ^

G_l gm`^u ^hdZau\Zlv qlh wlb bklhjbq_kdb_ k\_^_gby [ueb kh\k_f g_ ba\_klgu fh_fm iZpb_glm Fh`gh kdZaZlv \ke_^ aZ ihwlhf deZkkbdhf ©1DWXUDP H[SHOODV IXUFD WDPHQ XVTXH UHFXUUHWªB^_y l_o ^j_\gbo nbehkhnh\ aZdexqZeZkv \ lhf qlh ;h] ijhy\be k_[y ij_`^_ \k_]h \ l\hj_gbb q_luj_o we_f_glh\ Hgb kbf\hebabjh\Zebkv q_lujvfy qZklyfb djm]Z LZd fu qblZ_f \ dhilkdhf ]ghklbq_kdhf ljZdlZl_©&RGH[ %UXFLDQXVª h ?^bghjh`^kgghf Fhgh]_ghk_ beb :gljhihk_ ©Hg lhl `_ dlh ij_[u\Z_l \ fhgZ^_ dhlhjZy \ K_l_ l\hjp_ b dhlhjZy ijbreZ ba f_klZ h dh_f gbdlh g_ kdZ`_l ]^_ hgh Ba g_]h ijbreZ fhgZ^Z ih^h[gh dhjZ[ex

gZ]jm`_gghfm ^h[jufb lh\ZjZfb b ih^h[gh ihex iheghfm \kydh]h jh^Z ^_j_\v_\ b ih^h[gh

]jZ^m aZk_e_gghfm \k_fb jZkZfb ex^kdbfb b _]h ihdju\Zem hdjm`Zxs_fm _]h ih^h[gh dj_ihklghc kl_g_ k ^\_gZ^pZlvx \jZlZfb wlh lhl `_ =jZ^ FZl_jb ILUIUSR-FRKV ?^bghjh`^_ggh]hª< ^jm]hf f_kl_ kZf :gljhihk _klv ]jZ^ Z qe_gZfb _]h y\eyxlky q_l\_jh \hjhl FhgZ^Z `_ ² bkdjZ k\_lZ FDLLY2UIS Zlhf ;h`_kl\Z Fhgh]_ghk fukeblky klhysbf gZ l_ljZe_x ² ieZlnhjf_ hibjZxs_cky gZ q_luj_ dhehggu khhl\_lkl\mxs_c q_l\_jbqghklb ojbklbZgkdbo ?\Zg]_ebc beb ih^h[guf L_ljZfhjnm kdZqms_fm kbf\hebq_kdhfm `b\hlghfm p_jd\b khklhys_fm ba kbf\heh\ q_luj_o _\Zg]_ebklh\ Zg]_eZ hjeZ [udZ beb l_e_gdZ ev\Z :gZeh]by f_`^m wlbf l_dklhf b Gh\uf B_jmkZebfhf hq_\b^gZ

>_e_gb_ gZ q_luj_ kbgl_a q_luj_o qm^_kgh_ ihy\e_gb_ q_luj_o p\_lh\ b q_luj_ klZ^bb jZ[hluQLJUHGR GHDOEDWLR UXEHIDFWLR FLWULQLWDV ² lZdh\u ihklhyggu_ aZ[hlu ^j_\gbo nbehkhnh\

Q_l\_jbpZ kbf\hebabjm_l qZklb dZq_kl\Z b klhjhgu ?^bgh]h Gh ihq_fm fhc iZpb_gl ih\lhjy_l wlb ^j_\gb_ ki_dmeypbb"

G_ agZx ihq_fm bf_ggh hg agZx lhevdh qlh wlh g_ bkdexqbl_evguc ijbf_j ² lZ `_ kbf\hebdZ kihglZggh \hkijhba\h^beZkv \h fgh]bo ^jm]bo kemqZyo ih^ fhbf beb fhbo dhee_] gZ[ex^_gb_f 5 ^_ckl\bl_evghklb y g_ kqblZx qlh iZpb_glu ihemqbeb wlm kbf\hebdm hl \j_f_g lj_okhl q_luj_okhle_lg_c ^j_\ghklb Ijhklh lhl \_d [ue h^gbf ba i_jbh^h\ dh]^Z wlZ Zjoklbibq_kdZy b^_y \uoh^beZ gZ i_j\uc

©Ba]hgy_fZy \beZfb ijbjh^Z h^gZdh \k_ \gh\v \ha\jZsZ_lkyª eZl

ieZg B^_y wlZ gZfgh]h klZjr_ kj_^g_\_dh\vy dZd lh ihdZau\Z_l m`_©Lbf_cªGh wlh b g_ deZkkbq_kdh_ beb _]bi_lkdh_ gZke_^b_ b[h h[gZjm`b\Z_lky hgZ ijZdlbq_kdb ih\kx^m b \h \k_ \j_f_gZ >hklZlhqgh \kihfgblv gZijbf_j kdhev [hevrmx agZqbfhklv ijb^Zxl q_l\_jbp_ Zf_jbdZgkdb_ bg^_cpu

Ohly q_l\_jbpZ y\ey_lky ^j_\gbf ij_^iheh`bl_evgh ^hbklhjbq_kdbf kbf\hehf \k_]^Z Zkkhpbbjh\Z\rbfky k b^__c fbjhkhab^Zxs_]h [h`_kl\Z hgZ l_f g_ f_g__ j_^dh hkhagZ_lky \ wlhf dZq_kl\_ l_fb kh\j_f_ggufb ex^vfb dhfm y\e_g __ h[jZa F_gy \k_]^Z bgl_j_kh\Zeh dZd klZgml __ bklhedh\u\Zlv ex^b ij_^hklZ\e_ggu_ kh[kl\_gguf hp_gdZf b keZ[h hk\_^hfe_ggu_ \ bklhjbb kbf\heZ Ihwlhfm y klZjZeky g_ \f_rb\Zlvky kh k\hbfb fg_gbyfb b dZd ijZ\beh h[gZjm`b\Ze qlh ex^b \b^_eb \ q_l\_jbp_ kbf\he kZfbo k_[y beb q_]h lh bgh]h \ gbo kZfbo Hgb qm\kl\h\Zeb \ g_c g_qlh bf ijbgZ^e_`Zs__ k\h_]h jh^Z l\hjq_kdmx ihq\m `bag_khab^Zxs__ khegp_ \ ]em[bgZo [_kkhagZl_evgh]h Ohly e_]dh aZf_lblv qlh h[jZau q_l\_jbpu qZklh [ueb qmlv eb g_ j_iebdhc \b^_gby B_a_dbbey hgb meZ\eb\Zeb ZgZeh]bx djZcg_ j_^dh ^Z`_ _keb [ueb agZdhfu k wlbf \b^_gb_f ² \ijhq_f lZdh_ agZdhfkl\h gZ k_]h^gyrgbc ^_gv y\e_gb_ ihqlb bkdexqbl_evgh_ LhÄ qlh fh`gh gZa\Zlv qmlv eb g_ kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ke_ihlhc _klv ebrv ke_^kl\b_ ij_^jZkkm^dZ kh]eZkgh dhlhjhfm [h`_kl\h gZoh^blky \h\g_ q_eh\_dZ Ohly ij_^jZkkm^hd wlhl hlgx^v g_ lhevdh ojbklbZgkdbc _klv j_eb]bb dhlhju_ kh\k_f _]h g_ jZa^_eyxl GZijhlb\ dZd g_dhlhju_ ojbklbZgkdb_ fbklbdb hgb gZklZb\Zxl gZ kmsghklghf lh`^_kl\_ ;h]Z b q_eh\_dZ ² eb[h \ nhjf_ Zijbhjgh]h lh`^_kl\Z eb[h dZd p_ev dhlhjmx g_h[oh^bfh ^hklbqv iml_f hij_^_e_ggh]h jh^Z ijZdlbdb b bgbpbZpbb ba\_klguo gZf gZijbf_j ih f_lZfhjnhaZf :ime_y g_ ]h\hjy m` h f_lh^Zo ch]b

Ijbf_g_gb_ kjZ\gbl_evgh]h f_lh^Z ihdZau\Z_l qlh q_l\_jbpZ y\ey_lky [he__ beb f_g__ g_ihkj_^kl\_gguf h[jZahf ;h]Z ijhy\eyxs_]h k_[y \ l\hj_gbyo Fu fh`_f ihwlhfm k^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh kihglZggh \hkijhba\h^bfZy \ kgh\b^_gbyo ex^_c q_l\_jbpZ hagZqZ_l lh `_ kZfh_ ² ;h]Z \gmljb G_kfhljy gZ lh qlh \ [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ ex^b g_ hkhagZxl wlhc ZgZeh]bb bgl_jij_lZpby fh`_l [ulv l_f g_ f_g__ bklbgghc ?keb ijbgylv \h \gbfZgb_ lhl nZdl qlh b^_y ;h]Z ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ©g_gZmqgmxª ]bihl_am lh gZf ihgylgh ihq_fm ex^b aZiZfylh\Zeb h lZdhf fure_gbb >Z`_ _keb hgb e_e_xl g_dmx \_jm \ ;h]Z bo hlim]b\Z_l b^_y ;h]Z \gmljb gbo kZfbo ² ih ijbqbg_ j_eb]bhagh]h \hkiblZgby dhlhjh_ \k_]^Z mfZeyeh wlm b^_x dZd ©fbklbq_kdmxª Gh bf_ggh wlZ ©fbklbq_kdZyª b^_y mkbeb\Z_lky _kl_kl\_ggufb l_g^_gpbyfb [_kkhagZl_evgh]h B y kZf b fhb dhee_]b agZ_f klhevdh kemqZ_\ dh]^Z jZa\b\ZeZkv wlZ kbf\hebdZ qlh fu [he__ g_ khfg_\Z_fky \ __ kms_kl\h\Zgbb Fhb gZ[ex^_gby dklZlb ^Zlbjh\Zgu ] gh ijhreh _s_ e_l ij_`^_ q_f y j_rbeky him[ebdh\Zlv bo

;ueh [u hrb[dhc jZkp_gb\Zlv fhb gZ[ex^_gby dZd ihiuldm ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z [ulby ;h]Z Wlb gZ[ex^_gby ^hdZau\Zxl lhevdh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ Zjo_lbibq_kdh]h h[jZaZ ;h`_kl\Z ² k lhqdb aj_gby ikboheh]bb fu [hevr_ gbq_]h g_ fh`_f ml\_j`^Zlv h ;h]_ Gh ihkdhevdm wlhl Zjo_lbi ijbgZ^e_`bl d hq_gv \Z`guf b \ebyl_evguf _]h kjZ\gbl_evgh qZklh_ ihy\e_gb_ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc g_fZeh\Z`guc nZdlhj ^ey ex[hcWKHRORJLD QDWXUDOLVLZd dZd g_j_^dh hiul wlbo y\e_gbc \ \ukr_c kl_i_gb gmfbgha_g lh hg hlghkblky d j_eb]bhaghfm hiulm

Y g_ fh]m g_ ijb\e_qv \Zr_ \gbfZgb_ d ex[hiulghfm h[klhyl_evkl\m \ lh \j_fy dZd p_gljZevguf ojbklbZgkdbf kbf\hehf y\ey_lky LjhbpZ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ kbf\hebabjm_lky \ q_l\_jbp_ Kh[kl\_ggh ]h\hjy ^Z`_ hjlh^hdkZevgZy ojbklbZgkdZy nhjfmeZ g_ ihegZ lZd dZd ^h]fZlbq_kdbc ijbgpbi kms_kl\h\Zgby aeZ g_ ijbkmlkl\m_l \ Ljhbp_ b k\yau\Z_lky k ^h\hevgh g_m^h[guf kms_kl\h\Zgb_f ^vy\heZ Ihkdhevdm lh`^_kl\h ;h]Z b q_eh\_dZ ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc _j_lbq_kdh_ ^hims_gb_ lh b l_abk h ©;h]_ \gmljbªfh`gh jZkp_gb\Zlv dZd ijhlb\hj_qZsbc ^h]fZlm Gh q_l\_jbpZ \ lhf \b^_ dZd hgZ ihgbfZ_lky kh\j_f_gguf khagZgb_f ijyfh ij_^iheZ]Z_l b ©;h]Z \gmljbªb lh`^_kl\h ;h]Z k q_eh\_dhf <hij_db ^h]fZlm a^_kv bf__lky g_ ljb Z q_luj_ klhjhgu Hlkx^Z e_]dh k^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh q_l\_jlZy klhjhgZ ij_^klZ\ey_l ^vy\heZ Ohly m gZk _klv eh]by ©Y b Hl_p fhc _^bgu Dlh \b^bl f_gy \b^bl b HlpZª ² [h]homevkl\hf b [_amfb_f ihkqblZeb [u lZdh_ ih^q_jdb\Zgb_ ^h]fZlbqghc q_eh\_qghklb OjbklZ qlh q_eh\_d fh`_l hlh`^_kl\blvky k Ojbklhf b _]h KRPRRXVLD Gh ih^jZamf_\Z_lky bf_ggh wlh Z ihlhfm k hjlh^hdkZevghc lhqdb aj_gby ijbjh^gZy q_l\_jbpZ fh`_l [ulv h[ty\e_gZ©GLDEROLFD IUDXVª ²]eZ\guf k\b^_l_evkl\hf q_]h y\ey_lky Zkkbfbeypby q_l\_jlhc klhjhgu ij_^klZ\eyxs_c ij_^hkm^bl_evgmx qZklv ojbklbZgkdh]h dhkfhkZ P_jdh\v dZd y iheZ]Zx ebrZ_l aZdhgghc kbeu \kydmx ihiuldm ijbgylv \k_jv_a wlb j_amevlZlu ;he__ lh]h hgZ ^he`gZ hkm`^Zlv ex[mx ihiuldm ijbh[sblvky d wlhfm hiulm ihkdhevdm hgZ g_ fh`_l ijbagZlv qlh ijbjh^Z kh_^bgy_l lh qlh [ueh _x jZa^_e_gh =hehk ijbjh^u ykgh keurbf \h \k_o k\yaZgguo k q_l\_jbp_c y\e_gbyo Z wlh ijh[m`^Z_l klZju_ ih^haj_gby ih ih\h^m \k_]h qlh k\yaZgh k [_kkhagZl_evguf <hl ihq_fm gZmqgh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ kgh\b^_gbc Z wlh lZ `_ ^j_\gyy g_hjhfZglbdZ klhev `_ ^hklhcgh ihjbpZgby dZd b Zeobfby >_eh \ lhf qlh \ eZlbgkdbo Zeobfbq_kdbo ljZdlZlZo fh`gh gZclb iZjZee_eb ikboheh]bb kgh\b^_gbc Z ihlhfm wlb ljZdlZlu jZ\gh bkiheg_gu _j_kb >ey k_dj_lghklb b aZsblb

?kl_kl\_ggZy l_heh]by eZl

>vy\hevkdbc h[fZg eZl

l_evguo f_lZnhj bf_ebkv ^hklZlhqgu_ hkgh\Zgby Kbf\hebq_kdb_ ml\_j`^_gby ^j_\g_c Zeobfbb bkoh^yl ba lh]h `_ [_kkhagZl_evgh]h mfZ qlh b kh\j_f_ggu_ kgh\b^_gby ² hgb \ jZ\ghc kl_i_gb y\eyxlky ]eZkhf ijbjh^u

?keb [u fu ih ij_`g_fm `beb \ kj_^g_\_dh\hf fbj_ ]^_ g_ [ueh k_jv_aguo khfg_gbc ih ih\h^m ihke_^gbo hkgh\Zgbc ]^_ \ky bklhjby fbjZ gZqbgZeZkv k dgb]b ;ulby fu fh]eb [u k e_]dhklvx hlfZogmlvky hl kgh\b^_gbc b \k_]h bf ih^h[gh]h D kh`Ze_gbx fu `b\_f \ kh\j_f_gghf fbj_ ]^_ ihke_^gb_ hkgh\Zgby khfgbl_evgu ]^_ gZ^h ijbgbfZlv \h \gbfZgb_ [h]Zlmx ij_^uklhjbx ]^_ ex^b m[_`^_gu \ lhf qlh _keb gmfbghaguc hiul \hh[s_ bf__l f_klh lh wlh hiul ikbobq_kdbc GZf m`_ g_ ^Zgh \hh[jZablv k_[_ wfibj_y \jZsZxs_]hky \hdjm] ljhgZ =hkih^gy b fu m`_ g_ f_qlZ_f gZclb ?]h ]^_ lh aZ ij_^_eZfb ]ZeZdlbq_kdbo kbkl_f M[_`bs_f lZcg klZgh\blky q_eh\_q_kdZy ^mrZ ^ey wfibjbdZ \_kv j_eb]bhaguc hiul k`bfZ_lky ^h hkh[h]h khklhygby mfZ Qlh[u magZlv g_qlh h agZq_gbb j_eb]bhagh]h hiulZ ^ey l_o dlh _]h bf__l fu fh`_f k_]h^gy bamqZlv ex[u_ _]h nhjfu ?keb hg qlh gb[m^v agZqbl lh hg agZqbl \k_ ^ey l_o dlh _]h bf__l D wlhfm g_ba[_`ghfm \u\h^m ijboh^brv ihke_ lsZl_evgh]h bamq_gby gZebqgh]h fZl_jbZeZ J_eb]bhaguc hiul fh`gh [ueh [u ^Z`_ hij_^_eblv dZd \ \ukr_c kl_i_gb p_gguc ^ey lh]h dlh _]h bkiulu\Z_l ² dZdbf [u gb [ueh _]h kh^_j`Zgb_ < ^mo_ klZjh]h \_j^bdlZ ©H[WUD HFFOHVLDP QXOOD VDOXVª kh\j_f_gghklv h[jZsZ_lky d ^mr_ dZd d ihke_^g_c k\h_c gZ^_`^_ =^_ `_ _s_ fh`gh gZclb lZdhc hiul"Hl\_l koh^_g k jZg__ fghx ijb\_^_gguf ² bf [m^_l ]hehk ijbjh^u <k_f dlh aZgyl ijh[e_fhc ^moh\ghklb q_eh\_dZ ijb^_lky klhedgmlvky k gh\ufb ljm^gufb \hijhkZfb Ikbobq_kdb_ hkeh`g_gby m fhbo iZpb_glh\ aZklZ\beb f_gy ihiulZlvky \k_jv_a jZkkfhlj_lv ih djZcg_c f_j_ g_dhlhju_ g_h[uqZcgu_ agZq_gby ijhba\h^bfhc [_kkhagZl_evguf kbf\hebdb Ih^jh[gh_ h[km`^_gb_ bgl_ee_dlmZevguo b wlbq_kdbo ke_^kl\bc wlhc ijh[e_fu aZ\_eh [u gZk kebrdhf ^Ze_dh ihwlhfm y \ugm`^_g h]jZgbqblvky bghkdZaZgb_f

=eZ\gu_ kbf\hebq_kdb_ nb]mju ex[hc j_eb]bb \k_]^Z \ujZ`Zxl hij_^_e_ggmx fhjZevgmx b bgl_ee_dlmZevgmx mklZgh\dm < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ y fh] [u \aylv dj_kl kh \k_fb _]h fgh]hh[jZagufb j_eb]bhagufb agZq_gbyfb >jm]bf ]eZ\guf kbf\hehf y\ey_lky LjhbpZ HgZ bf__l bkdexqbl_evgh fm`kdhc oZjZdl_j ;_kkhagZl_evgh_ h^gZdh ij_\jZsZ_l __ \ q_l\_jbpm dhlhjZy h^gh\j_f_ggh _klv _^bgh_ ih^h[gh lhfm dZd ljb ebpZ \ Ljhbp_ y\eyxlky _^bguf ;h]hf >j_\gb_ gZlmjnbehkhnu ij_^klZ\eyeb Ljhbpm dZd ©LPDJLQDWD LQ QDWXUDª dZd ljb DZ xlZ beb©6SLULWXVªbeb©YRODWLOLDªZ bf_ggh dZd \h^m \ha^mo b

Ij_^klZ\e_ggZy \ ijbjh^_ eZl ;_kl_e_kguo ]j_q

h]hgv Q_l\_jlZy khklZ\gZy qZklv ² wlh lh RZQLZ ² a_fey beb l_eh Kbf\hehf ihke_^g_]h [ueZ ^ey gbo >_\Z LZd hgb ^h[Z\eyeb `_gkdbc we_f_gl d k\h_c nbabq_kdhc Ljhbp_ kha^Z\Zy l_f kZfuf q_l\_jbpm bebFLUFXOXV TXDGUDWXVkbf\hehf dh_]h [ue ]_jfZnjh^blbq_kdbc5HELV ILOLXV VDSLHQWLDH Kj_^g_\_dh\u_ gZlmjnbehkhnu g_khfg_ggh iheZ]Zeb a_fex b `_gkdh_ gZqZeh q_l\_jluf we_f_glhf Ijbgpbi aeZ ijyfh g_ mihfbgZ_lky gh hg ijhklmiZ_l \ y^h\blhklbSULPD PDWHULD b ^jm]bo bghkdZaZgbyo < kh\j_f_gguo kgh\b^_gbyo Q_l\_jbpZ _klv