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Vivendi – 150 years of History

Vivendi, the French utilities and communications group, has a long history going back to 1853. In that year the Government ….. (create) Compagnie Generale des Eaux. The founders ….. (have) two objectives: to irrigate the countryside for farming and to supply water to towns and cities in France.

In 1880 a treaty ….. (give) Generale des Eaux the right to supply water to Venice, and then Constantinople and Oporto ….. (come) soon after. By the time of the centenary celebrations in 1953 Generale des Eaux

….. (supply) water to eight million people in France.

In the 1960s and 1970s the company ….. (begin) activities in the area of civil construction and ….. (build) a large tower block in the La Defense business district of Paris.

During the 1980s Generale des Eaux ….. (join) with the Havas media group to create Canal Plus, a pay TV channel. They also ….. (take) a controlling stake in the civil engineering giant, SGE. In the 1990s they (10) ….. (win) major contracts in the Asia Pacific region and in Latin America.

In 1996 the company ….. (sell) $5 billion in assets of American lines and ….. (cut) the workforce by 10%. All this …… (mean) that an annual loss of $600 million ….. (turn) into a profit of $320 million. In 1998 they….. (change) the name of the group to Vivendi and soon after ….. (make) a series of partnerships and acquisitions in the telecommunications industry.

Operations in North America ….. (grow) very quickly after this and in 2000 Vivendi ….. (buy) Seagram to become a truly international media and communications company.

Exercise 5. – Read the first part of the Max Factor story and complete it with

the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

In many parts of the world, Max Factor has become a famous brand of cosmetics. Yet few people know that Max Factor, who was born in Poland in 1877, is also the name of the inventor of those cosmetics. Apparently, it was while Max _______ (worked/ was working) as an apprentice to a pharmacist, mixing all kinds of potions, that he ______ (developed/ was developing) an interest in cosmetics.

He ______ (lived/ was living) in Moscow when he _____ (opened/ was opening) his own shop, selling a range of handmade cosmetics.

Complete the second part of the story with the Past Simple or Past

Continuous of the verbs given.

The story goes that one day, some members of the Russian nobility_____ (notice) the beautiful make-up worn by some travelling theatre actors who _____ (perform) for them. So they _____ (appoint) Max Factor the cosmetic expert for the royal family. In 1904 Factor _____ (emigrate) to the USA. He ______ (create) a new kind of make-up for cinema actors in Los Angeles, where he _____ (live). By the time he ______ (introduce) his products to the public, all actresses _____ (visit) his salon.

Exercise 6. Complete the text with the verbs from the list below, using the

Present Perfect.

make fall launch be have cut

withdraw spend take perform

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