- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
Text I. The influence of xylitol
Chewing gum containing xylitol, a sweetener with antimicrobial properties, temporarily suppresses bacteria that cause tooth decay, according to university of Minnesota researchers.
In the experiment, the gum was chewed after treatment with an antimicrobial mouthrinse and chlorhedixine. The mouthrinse is used to reduce the bacteria (mutans streptococci) linked to increased risk of tooth decay. However, without further intervention the bacteria tend to return to pre-treatment levels. This study demonstrated that xylitol chewing gum can be used to extend the suppression of mutans streptococci.
In the study supported by a National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research grant, the authors evaluated the effect of xylitol chewing gum on bacteria re-growth. Procter & Gamble supplied a portion of the mouthrinse used in the study.
The authors selected 151 subjects with elevated mutans streptococci levels. The subjects rinsed with chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse twice daily for two weeks and were randomly assigned to a test, placebo or control group. In the test group 51 persons chewed xylitol gum three times daily after meals for a minimum of 5 minutes each time. The placebo group of 50 people chewed a commercial sorbitol-aspartame and saccharin-sweetened chewing gum three times daily after meals for a minimum of five minutes. The control group of 50 did not chew any gum. The study lasted three months.
"Use of xylitol chewing gum can retard return of oral bacteria after chlorhexidine treatment." the author concluded after the three-month period. "Used in conjunction with other caries control strategies, such diet modification, fluoride and sealants, a xylitol-sweetened chewing gum appears to be a helpful treatment for controlling tooth decay." The results also showed that using chewing gum with a sorbitol-aspartame-saccharin sweetening mixture and not chewing any gum was ineffective in maintaining suppression of the tooth-decaying bacteria.
American Dental Association, ADA Web site at www.ada.orq., 2001
Text II. Fluorine and teeth
The peculiar relationship between fluorine and calcium must be understood in order to recognize the importance of fluorine in relation to the teeth.
Fluorine is the most negative element to be found. It has more combining property than oxygen. Death occurs by precipitating the whole blood calcium. If we realize how oxygen combines with iron, making it rust and how it combines with hemoglobin, making life possible, we will realize what it means to say that the combining property of fluorine is greater then that of oxygen. It has a tremendous attraction for calcium. All the fluorine taken into the circulation of the body from the drinking water is attracted by the calcium of the bones and teeth.
It is known also that normal enamel contains fluorine. Since nature seldom creates the superfluous, it has been suggested and commonly accepted that fluorine helps to make the structure of enamel stronger. It has been reported that the use of fluorine drinking water during calcification of the teeth resulted in a noticeable increase in resistance of the teeth to dental caries. This increased resistance was remarkably greater in cases where the people continued to use the fluorine drinking water permanently.
This observation indicates two different aspects of resistance of fluorine teeth to dental caries. One is present at the time of eruption, the other acts after eruption. The one present at eruption is the layer of transparent enamel that is formed during calcification of the enamel matrix. Transparent enamel forms a barrier against invasion of microorganisms along the prism sheaths.