7. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Ряд молочных зубов у человека состоит из резцов, клыков и моляров.

2. У человека двадцать молочных и тридцать два постоянных зуба.

3. Ряд постоянных зубов состоит из передних резцов, латеральных резцов, клыков, малых и больших коренных зубов.

4. Зубы получили название по своей форме или функции.

Grammar

1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:

1) The jaw bones are covered with tissue known as a gum encircling (to encircle - окружать) the lower portion of each tooth.

2) Two sets of teeth develop during the life.

3) The frontal teeth serving to cut food are called incisors.

4) The outer covering of the tooth consists of the enamel.

5) The back teeth having large bases or crowns help to crush and grind food.

2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.

1. Those teeth composing the deciduous set are four central incisors, four lateral incisors, four cuspids (canines), four first molar and four second molars.

2. All primary teeth have usually erupted by the age of 2 years, although there is considerable individual variation, with some children not exhibiting their first teeth until they are over 1 year old.

3. There do not appear to be any ethnic differences in the dates of eruption, but severe malnutrition may cause delayed eruption as well as seriously affecting other aspects of the child's growth.

4. As the child approaches the age of 5 years, spacing will appear between the primary teeth as a result of the jaw growth required to accommodate the developing permanent teeth.

5. Only the permanent molars erupt without displacing a primary predecessor,

3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.

1. Being on a sick-leave the patient was following a strict bed regime.

2. The dentist examining the patient discovered cracked teeth.

3. On swallowing heavy food the patient felt a bad pain in the throat.

4. The registering clerk told me in what consulting-room Professor was seeing his patients.

5. My mother will be undergoing an X-ray therapy tomorrow.

6. Before starting to examine the patient the doctor put on his white gown.

7. The connective tissue covering a bone is called periosteum, while that lining the large cavities of bones is called endosteum.

8. On a microbiological analysis food poisoning was revealed.

Summary

Table of Eruption of Teeth.

The deciduous teeth erupt as follows: centrals - 6 to 8 months after birth; laterals - 7 to 9 months after birth, cuspids - 17 to 18 months after birth; first molars - 14 to 16 months after birth; second molars - 18 to 24 months after birth.

The temporary teeth are lost during childhood when the second set of teeth or the permanent ones appear.

The permanent teeth normally erupt at the following age: centrals - 6 to 7 years; laterals - 7 to 8 years; cuspids - 12 to 13 years; first premolars - 10 to 11 years; second premolars - 11 to 12 years; first molars - 6 to 7 years; second molars - 12 to 14 years; third molars - 17 to 20 years.

The first permanent tooth that makes its appearance is the first molar, and it is generally the largest in size of all.

Occasionally the mother mistakes the permanent first molar for the deciduous tooth. If decay occurs, it is supposed that this tooth will soon fall out. This, of course, is erroneous, since the permanent molars have no predecessors. The permanent first molar is considered to be the "keystone" of the dental arch. Its position is important for alignment of the permanent teeth. Decay in this tooth must be treated immediately. Premature loss of this tooth often leads to the pronounced malocclusion.

occasionally изредка, время от времени

decay разрушение

suppose предполагать

erroneous ошибочный

consider полагать, считать

dental arch зубная дуга, альвеолярный отросток

treat лечить

immediately немедленно

malocclusion неправильный прикус

Translation