- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
1. The digestive system consists … the alimentary canal and related or accessory organs. 2. The alimentary canal is formed … the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. 3. The oral and laryngeal portions of the pharynx serve … a channel … the passage … both food and air. 4. The reduction of food is accomplished … the masticatory apparatus. 5. A large receptor area is responsible … the perception of external stimuli. 6. The vitamin deficiency results … hemorrhage, and edema of the gingival connective tissue. 7. This growth is correlated … and dependent … the eruption of teeth. 8. Considerable hemorrhage followed … the tooth extraction.
3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
1. This syndrome is quite serious; if unrecognized and untreated, it may result in death. 2. The contact point is the point on the proximal surface of a tooth which touches a neighbouring tooth. 3. Pre-pain sensation, elicited by three kinds of electrical stimulation in human maxillary anterior teeth of adult men, was investigated. 4. In March the patient returned to the office complaining of a vague pain in the maxillary left posterior region. 5. The patient, a 24-year old male, appeared in January complaining of pain in the maxillary left posterior region and the sensation of something growing there. 6. In a report the author stated that caries was inhibited by the same water, containing flouride that produced mottled enamel. 7. Denture laboratories are described, three of them being one-man laboratories. 8. The number of teeth extracted for various reasons was from 1 to 6, the average being 4 in both groups of patients. 9. Several large scale investigations have been conducted, with encouraging results reported. 10. The tooth was embedded in the lingual soft tissues, with root pointing backward. 11. Treatment consists of removing and correcting local irritating factor and providing the child with a nutritionally balanced diet and dental prophylaxis.
Summary
The chemical reduction of food
After a mouthful has been taken, both up-and-down, side-to-side movements enable the teeth to crush and break the food into fragments of proper size for swallowing. Particle size may vary up to 12 mm in diameter but generally it is less than 2 mm. After mastication the mass weighs from 3 to 6 grams. The food becomes moistened and softened by the saliva. The chemical action taking place in the mouth is accomplished by means of the first digestive secretion, the saliva.
The saliva assists in mastication in several ways: by dissolving some of the readily soluble food components; by partly digesting some of starch; by softening the mass of food; by covering the bolus with mucus so as to make it more easily moved about in the mouth.
Saliva is slightly alkaline in reaction with a pH between 6.35 and 6.85. The amount secreted in twenty-four hours is about 1300 cc. It consists of 99.5 per cent water and 0.5 per cent total solids. Its chief constituents are water, inorganic salts, mucin, serum albumin and serum globulin, and salivary amylase. The chemical change is effected by salivary amylase which acts on the boiled starch changing it to dextrin and possibly to maltose.
Salivary digestion is important in preparing the food for the changes that follow. Saliva dissolves some of the solid substances so that they are brought in contact with the taste buds; thus they stimulate appetite and result in series of reflexes which increase the flow of gastric juice and augment salivary secretion as well.
Speaking
Speak on the role of the oral cavity structures in the digestion.
Unit VII. Oral cavity abnormalities
Lead-in
This unit considers anatomical and functional abnormalities of the oral cavity structures. You will learn about the tooth anomalies (both in number and structure), malocclusion and cleft formations. All of them influence the human organism in a number of ways and often (if untreated) may result in severe diseases.
Reading