- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
Summary
Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
The hard palate forms the roof of the mouth and is covered with keratinized epithelium. Peripherally it is covered with mucoperiosteum continuous with the attached gingival, and attached firmly to the underlying bone. More centrally, in the angle between the palatine and alveolar processes of the maxilla, it is separated from the bone by intervening connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves. The presence of connective tissue between the epithelium and bone allows anaesthetic to be infiltrated without causing pain. Further centrally and in the midline, the epithelium is again tightly bound down to the underlying bone, which is sometimes raised in the midline as a midline palatal torus of variable size.
In the midline, behind the central incisor teeth lies the incisive papilla, an oval prominence covering the incisal fossa and marking the entry into the mouth of the nasopalatine nerves. Just distal to the incisive papilla there are a variable number of roughly parallel irregular raised folds of mucoperiosteum, the palatal rugae. Further posteriorly, marking the junction of hard and soft palate, lie two small indentations, one on either side of the midline. These are the foveae palatini, where the ducts of two small clusters of salivary glands open into the mouth.
The soft palate is covered with stratified squamous epithelium and divides the oropharynx from the nasopharynx. It terminates distally in a short muscular projection, the uvula. By contact with the posterior wall of the pharynx it regulates the flow of air through the mouth and nose when breathing and speaking.
Laterally the side of the pharynx is marked by two arches. The anterior is produced by the presence of the palatoglossus muscle. It is separated by the pharyngeal tonsil from the distal arch, which is formed by the palatopharyngeus muscle. The pharyngeal tonsil is a collection of lymph tissue and in young patients is frequently red and swollen in response to infection. In later life, it atrophies and even shows calcification. The pharyngeal tonsil is part of a ring of lymphoid tissue, the other parts of which are the lingual tonsil, found on the posterior third of the tongue, and the adenoids, a collection of lymph tissue found in the midline of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx.
Make a summary of the text according to the plan:
a) structures forming the hard palate and attached to it;
b) structure and functions of the soft palate;
c) structures of the pharynx.
Translation
Lips and cheeks
The lips are muscular structures surrounding the opening of the mouth. Externally they are covered with skin which is tightly bound down to the underlying connective tissue and muscle.
The inner surface of the lips is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, tightly attached to the underlying connective tissue and muscle. The epithelium is thin, and through it the underlying blood vessels are visible. The surface is irregular with slight prominences caused by the presence of large numbers of small mixed salivary glands.
The mucous membrane of the cheeks is also tightly bound down to the underlying connective tissue and muscle. To allow for stretching the mucous membrane has a finely wrinkled form in the resting state. In the maxillary second molar region, the mucous membrane of the cheeks is pierced by a duct - the parotid duct - which ends as a papilla of variable size. Further down in the cheek, level with the occlusal surface of the teeth, there is often a lightly raised, horizontal whitish band. This is a band of keratinisation produced by chronic trauma from the teeth. While often barely noticeable, it can be pronounced and lead to confusion with other, pathological, types of white lesion.
Posteriorly and in the line with the corners of the mouth there are often a small number of ectopic sebaceous glands. These are of no significance but can be alarming when present in large numbers. At times a large area may be covered by such sebaceous glands which appear as yellowish spots - Fordyce's spots - and these can cause anxiety when noticed for the first time.
Superiorly and inferiorly, the mucous membrane which is bound down to the underlying muscle loses its attachment and is reflected onto the bone of the alveolar processes. The zone of reflection - the sulcus - must allow for the morbility of the cheeks and the mucous membrane is attached to the underlying structures only by loose connective tissue. The sulci are horseshoe-shaped and are divided into buccal and labial sections related to the cheeks and lips, respectively.
The upper midline fraenal attachment may be enlarged and have a fibrous insertion into the maxilla. Fraena may also be a contributory factor in periodontal disease by interfering with plaque removal. The fraenal attachment may then require surgical removal.
Speaking
1. A student prepared a scheme of the oral cavity but forgot to subscribe the names of the structures. Correct his mistake: give the names of the structures marked by the numbers and describe their position in the oral cavity.
2. Discuss the role and the main purpose of the skull and the oral cavity structures: Eg. – the skull – serves as a framework for the head, protects the brain; etc.
Unit IV. The structure of teeth and odontogenesis.
Lead-in
Have you ever thought about the way the teeth develop? Did you happen to know that the stomodeum begins in the first months of the fetus life? How does he get the tissues and minerals necessary for odontogenesis? The answer to these questions is the subject of the section.
Reading