- •Т. Н. Суша Лингвистические основы лексикографии
- •Минск 1999
- •Introduction 56
- •In the Introduction the major linguistic problems of dictionary-making arc outlined; some of the linguistic/lexicographical terms are explained; and points for discussion are formulated.
- •I am grateful to Galina Kulbatskaya, Olga Petrova and Eugene Sologtibov, whose assistance in typing the manuscript greatly facilitated publication.
- •Introduction
- •Ipa International Phonetic Alphabet, International Phonetic
- •Inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. A lexeme is an abstract unit;
- •A) knowing how a word is pronounced;
- •The grammatical patterns with which a word is used;
- •The meaning or meanings of the word;
- •Discussion
- •1. Лексикография сегодня
- •2. Статичность словаря и динамичность языка
- •3. Словарь как справочник и как учебное пособие
- •4. Словарь и грамматика
- •38 Интегральным.
- •5. Лексикографические портреты и типы: перспектива
- •1. Lexicography as scientific practice and as the subject of a general theory of lexicography
- •The second field of activity includes all the activities involved in establishing a dictionary base and in processing this base in a lexicographical file.
- •The third field of activity includes all the activities concerned directly with the writing of dictionary texts and thus with the writing of the dictionary.
- •2. Sketch of the struc ture and contents of a general theory of lexicography
- •1St component purposes of dictionaries
- •1St component data collection
- •2Nd component data processing
- •Discussion
- •In what way does the author characterize the subject matter of linguistic lexicography?
- •1. The linguistic basis of lexicography
- •2. Lexicography and lexical description
- •It is true, of course, that standards of appropriateness in language are not
- •3. The lexeme as the basic unit in dictionary-making
- •In lexicography, semantic relationships of this kind are not always (or cannot
- •51 To the contexts in which they are used, For the same reason, it is not always possible to draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and the encyclopaedia.
- •5. The metalanguage of lexicography
- •6. What are dictionaries for?
- •In 1854 the famous German linguist, grammarian and lexicographer Jacob
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Contrastive linguistics and its divisions
- •2.1. General Contrastive Analysis
- •2.2. Special Divisions of Contrastive Linguistics
- •3.1 Contrastive Phonology
- •3.2. Contrastive Graphology
- •3.3. Contrastive Lexicology
- •4. Open questions
- •Discussion
- •The bilingual dictionary5
- •1. The purpose of the bilingual dictionary
- •2. The anisomorphism of languages
- •3. Collection of material
- •4. Selection of entries
- •If the dictionary is intended to help to generate German texts, the lexical meanings of the German equivalent will have to be specified, for example in the following way:
- •It is probably not necessary to describe the different possible entries of a German-Chinese dictionary.
- •Old method, old custom, old dream, old archive;
- •Old industry equipment, old material, old clothes, old house.
- •81 Accompanied by examples or not). One can assume that the entry could have a form like the following one:
- •British and american lexicography6
- •I've selected twelve pairs of items of which there is {I trust) one American equivalent
- •Items all reflect what you might call the terminology of everyday life — the everyday
- •3Rinsh and American English. Nevertheless, some conclusions can be drawn from it.
- •Conclusion
- •Discussion
- •Is thematic ordering an alternative to alphabetical ordering in word books?
Discussion
Questions:
In what way does the author characterize the subject matter of linguistic lexicography?
What are the main components of a general theory of lexicography?
What does the author understand by a dictionary plan., dictionary base and dictionary file?
AS
REINHARD RUDOLF KARL IIARTMANN ON THEORY AND PRACTICE IN DICTIONARY-MAKING3
1. The linguistic basis of lexicography
Dictionary-making is an essentially practical activity which is as old as man's concern with written communication. But in order to compile a dictionary, one must have a notion of the "word' and an understanding of how it is used in interpersonal discourse.
The discipline that has contributed more than any other to our understanding of how words are used in communication is linguistics. Much of the recent literature in lexicography has consciously and explicitly related itself to linguistic theories in general and to theories of lexical semantics in particular.
It would be impossible to summarize here the contribution and relevance of linguistic studies to dictionary-making, although many of the later chapters address themselves to the interrelationship between linguistic theory and lexicographical practice. At this stage, 1 can only pick out a number of insights which have proven useful as a framework for analysing and presenting vocabulary. To narrow down the focus, let us concentrate on a set of "postulates1 or axioms on which there is wide agreement among linguists. Postulates in this sense are basic assumptions which can be taken as generally valid on the evidence of repeated observation.
Since 1926 when Leonard Bloomfield first formulated his Postulates for the science of language, giving definitions of such important notions as 'word', 'utterance', 'speech community', 'part of speech' and 'language change', several linguists have modified, extended and refined these (e.g. Pike, Hudson), although their axioms are not often specifically directed at lexicographers.
For the purpose of this introductory chapter, I will just single out five general postulates and devote one section to each. They are as follows:
Lexicography is concerned with the description and explanation of the vocabulary of a language or language variety.
The basic unit in dictionary-making is the 'lexeme', the close combination of the form and meaning.
Dictionaries may describe the whole vocabulary of a language (variety) or concentrate on one or more of its aspects,
Dictionary-making has to develop a 'metalanguage' for handling and presenting the information.
Ultimately all dictionaries are motivated by and judged against the lexical needs of the language user whom they serve.
2. Lexicography and lexical description
The first postulate relates to the subject matter of lexicography. We have already defined the lexicographer's task as a process which describes vocabulary items and arranges them in a particular order. Different lexicographers have characterised their work as 'dull' (Samuel Johnson), 'exciting' (Eric Partridge), 'enjoyable' (James Hulbert) and 'tedious' (Allen Gleason), but most would agree that it is above all a descriptive activity, recording existing usage rather than laying down prescriptive or normative Riles about how words should be used or which words are to be avoided.