- •Т. Н. Суша Лингвистические основы лексикографии
- •Минск 1999
- •Introduction 56
- •In the Introduction the major linguistic problems of dictionary-making arc outlined; some of the linguistic/lexicographical terms are explained; and points for discussion are formulated.
- •I am grateful to Galina Kulbatskaya, Olga Petrova and Eugene Sologtibov, whose assistance in typing the manuscript greatly facilitated publication.
- •Introduction
- •Ipa International Phonetic Alphabet, International Phonetic
- •Inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. A lexeme is an abstract unit;
- •A) knowing how a word is pronounced;
- •The grammatical patterns with which a word is used;
- •The meaning or meanings of the word;
- •Discussion
- •1. Лексикография сегодня
- •2. Статичность словаря и динамичность языка
- •3. Словарь как справочник и как учебное пособие
- •4. Словарь и грамматика
- •38 Интегральным.
- •5. Лексикографические портреты и типы: перспектива
- •1. Lexicography as scientific practice and as the subject of a general theory of lexicography
- •The second field of activity includes all the activities involved in establishing a dictionary base and in processing this base in a lexicographical file.
- •The third field of activity includes all the activities concerned directly with the writing of dictionary texts and thus with the writing of the dictionary.
- •2. Sketch of the struc ture and contents of a general theory of lexicography
- •1St component purposes of dictionaries
- •1St component data collection
- •2Nd component data processing
- •Discussion
- •In what way does the author characterize the subject matter of linguistic lexicography?
- •1. The linguistic basis of lexicography
- •2. Lexicography and lexical description
- •It is true, of course, that standards of appropriateness in language are not
- •3. The lexeme as the basic unit in dictionary-making
- •In lexicography, semantic relationships of this kind are not always (or cannot
- •51 To the contexts in which they are used, For the same reason, it is not always possible to draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and the encyclopaedia.
- •5. The metalanguage of lexicography
- •6. What are dictionaries for?
- •In 1854 the famous German linguist, grammarian and lexicographer Jacob
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Contrastive linguistics and its divisions
- •2.1. General Contrastive Analysis
- •2.2. Special Divisions of Contrastive Linguistics
- •3.1 Contrastive Phonology
- •3.2. Contrastive Graphology
- •3.3. Contrastive Lexicology
- •4. Open questions
- •Discussion
- •The bilingual dictionary5
- •1. The purpose of the bilingual dictionary
- •2. The anisomorphism of languages
- •3. Collection of material
- •4. Selection of entries
- •If the dictionary is intended to help to generate German texts, the lexical meanings of the German equivalent will have to be specified, for example in the following way:
- •It is probably not necessary to describe the different possible entries of a German-Chinese dictionary.
- •Old method, old custom, old dream, old archive;
- •Old industry equipment, old material, old clothes, old house.
- •81 Accompanied by examples or not). One can assume that the entry could have a form like the following one:
- •British and american lexicography6
- •I've selected twelve pairs of items of which there is {I trust) one American equivalent
- •Items all reflect what you might call the terminology of everyday life — the everyday
- •3Rinsh and American English. Nevertheless, some conclusions can be drawn from it.
- •Conclusion
- •Discussion
- •Is thematic ordering an alternative to alphabetical ordering in word books?
1. Lexicography as scientific practice and as the subject of a general theory of lexicography
We can characterize the subject area of linguistic lexicography, as given in numerous historical, concrete dictionary projects, as follows: linguistic lexicography is scientific practice aimed at producing reference works on language, in particular dictionaries of language. Lexicographical activity has recourse to the results, methods and theories of various academic disciplines according to the type of reference work being produced,
From linguistic lexicography in this sense (and I shall refer henceforth simply to lexicography, as misunderstandings have been excluded), a general theory of lexicography derives its specific subject matter by leaving out of account historically individual factors. By a process of abstraction and typification, only recurrent features with their typical properties become the proper subject of academic study. Taken together, the following separable components make up the proper subject of a general theory of lexicography:
(I) The lexicograplucal activities. These can be classified into three fields of activity:
(a) The first field includes all the activities leading to the drawing up of a dictionary
plan.
The second field of activity includes all the activities involved in establishing a dictionary base and in processing this base in a lexicographical file.
The third field of activity includes all the activities concerned directly with the writing of dictionary texts and thus with the writing of the dictionary.
(2) The results of the lexicographical activities in the three fields, namely: the dictionary plan, the lexicographical file, and the dictionary. <.. >
Let me explain the terms used here By dictionary plan 1 understand a written plan of the dictionary in all its aspects. By a dictionary base I understand the complete linguistic material forming the empirical basis for the production of a language dictionary. A dictionary base includes at least the lexicographical corpus as the set of all the primary sources: primary sources may be defined as all sources not themselves language dictionaries, the secondary sources as the set of all language dictionaries consulted and other linguistic material
By a lexicographical file I understand a collection of quotations for potential lemma-signs compiled from the dictionary' base. The quotations are ordered in some way, for example, alphabetically. <..■>
2. Sketch of the struc ture and contents of a general theory of lexicography
A general theory of lexicography, must systematically process and explain the reasons for the knowledge required to enable lexicographers to carry out their work appropriately and as well as possible. In accordance with the proposed structuring of the subject area of lexicography, a general theory of lexicography can consist of four constituent theories as shown in the following diagram. Both the individual constituent theories A and D and some of the components may be developed relatively independently (see Figure 1).
Let mc now characterize briefly the individual constituent theories and their components. I shall not deal further with constituent theory B, the theory of organization.
In constituent theory A relationships are established between the general theory of lexicography and the following: (1) society, (2) other theories, (3) the history of lexicography. Thus constituent theory A consists of three components in which meta-theoretical considerations bearing t?n the general theory' of lexicography are also permitted.
Figure 1.
Meta-lexicography
History of lexicography
Criticism of dictionaries