- •Т. Н. Суша Лингвистические основы лексикографии
- •Минск 1999
- •Introduction 56
- •In the Introduction the major linguistic problems of dictionary-making arc outlined; some of the linguistic/lexicographical terms are explained; and points for discussion are formulated.
- •I am grateful to Galina Kulbatskaya, Olga Petrova and Eugene Sologtibov, whose assistance in typing the manuscript greatly facilitated publication.
- •Introduction
- •Ipa International Phonetic Alphabet, International Phonetic
- •Inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain. A lexeme is an abstract unit;
- •A) knowing how a word is pronounced;
- •The grammatical patterns with which a word is used;
- •The meaning or meanings of the word;
- •Discussion
- •1. Лексикография сегодня
- •2. Статичность словаря и динамичность языка
- •3. Словарь как справочник и как учебное пособие
- •4. Словарь и грамматика
- •38 Интегральным.
- •5. Лексикографические портреты и типы: перспектива
- •1. Lexicography as scientific practice and as the subject of a general theory of lexicography
- •The second field of activity includes all the activities involved in establishing a dictionary base and in processing this base in a lexicographical file.
- •The third field of activity includes all the activities concerned directly with the writing of dictionary texts and thus with the writing of the dictionary.
- •2. Sketch of the struc ture and contents of a general theory of lexicography
- •1St component purposes of dictionaries
- •1St component data collection
- •2Nd component data processing
- •Discussion
- •In what way does the author characterize the subject matter of linguistic lexicography?
- •1. The linguistic basis of lexicography
- •2. Lexicography and lexical description
- •It is true, of course, that standards of appropriateness in language are not
- •3. The lexeme as the basic unit in dictionary-making
- •In lexicography, semantic relationships of this kind are not always (or cannot
- •51 To the contexts in which they are used, For the same reason, it is not always possible to draw a clear dividing line between the dictionary and the encyclopaedia.
- •5. The metalanguage of lexicography
- •6. What are dictionaries for?
- •In 1854 the famous German linguist, grammarian and lexicographer Jacob
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Contrastive linguistics and its divisions
- •2.1. General Contrastive Analysis
- •2.2. Special Divisions of Contrastive Linguistics
- •3.1 Contrastive Phonology
- •3.2. Contrastive Graphology
- •3.3. Contrastive Lexicology
- •4. Open questions
- •Discussion
- •The bilingual dictionary5
- •1. The purpose of the bilingual dictionary
- •2. The anisomorphism of languages
- •3. Collection of material
- •4. Selection of entries
- •If the dictionary is intended to help to generate German texts, the lexical meanings of the German equivalent will have to be specified, for example in the following way:
- •It is probably not necessary to describe the different possible entries of a German-Chinese dictionary.
- •Old method, old custom, old dream, old archive;
- •Old industry equipment, old material, old clothes, old house.
- •81 Accompanied by examples or not). One can assume that the entry could have a form like the following one:
- •British and american lexicography6
- •I've selected twelve pairs of items of which there is {I trust) one American equivalent
- •Items all reflect what you might call the terminology of everyday life — the everyday
- •3Rinsh and American English. Nevertheless, some conclusions can be drawn from it.
- •Conclusion
- •Discussion
- •Is thematic ordering an alternative to alphabetical ordering in word books?
4. Open questions
Contrastive linguistics has much more to do than it has already done, particularly in its 'pragmatic' divisions. The ever-dominant question is what tertium comparationis to choose: is it a linguistic notion akin to formal 'congruence', does it reside in the situational context as functional similarity, or is it part of approximative act performed by the bilingual analyst? If more systematic contrastive treattnents of increasing numbers of languages were forthcoming, would they transcend the mere catalogues of similarities and differences that have been offered by conventional studies? (Hawkins 1986 presents interesting evidence, from German and English grammar, that interlingual contrasts in one sub-system of the language can be compensated by those in another and thus accounted for in a unified framework of contrastive typological analysis.)
Given a further boost to contrastive linguistics, will bilingual lexicography manage to process this additional information in ways that can benefit the user of dictionaries? More lias to be done to assess real user needs and to improve textual transparency (e.g. by means of usage labelling in general and specialised bilingual dictionaries).
Another question is the interdisciplinary nature of research in this field. Many problems are multidimensional, requiring collaboration with fields like psycholinguistics (errors in interference) and sociolinguistics (language contact and variation). One interesting side-issue is whether a contrastive analysis of bilingual dictionaries for different language pairs would uncover new principles that might be valid for the whole of bilingual lexicography.
5. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
5.1 Dictionaries
Atkins 1978 - Beryl T. Atkins et ai.: Collins/Robert French-English & English-French Dictionary, Glasgow, London. Paris 1978 [XXVII, 717 & 781 p.]
Terrell 1980 = Peter Terrell et al.: Collins/Pons German-English & English-German Dictionary. Glasgow. London. Stuttgart 1980 [XVII, 792 & 790 p.]
5.2 Other Publications
Delattre 1966 - Pierre Delattre: Studies in French and Comparative Phonetics:
Selected Papers in French and English. The Hague 1966. DiPietro 1971 = Robert J. Di Pietro: Language Structures in Contrast. Rowley, Mass,
1971.
Hartmann 1980 = Reinhard Rudolf Karl Hartmann: Contrastive Textology.
Comparative Discourse Analysis in Applied Linguistics, Heidelberg 1980
(Descriptive Linguistics 5). Hawkins 1986 = John A. Hawkins: A Comparative Typology of English and German.
Unifying the Contrasts. London 1986. James 1980 = Carl James: Contrastive Analysis. Harlow 1980. Kromann Ruber Rosbach 1984 = Hans-Peder Kromann/Theis Ruber/Poul Rosbach:
Uberlegungen zu Grundfragen der zweispraclngen Lexikographie. In:
GennanistischcLinguistik 3—6/84, 159—238. Kufher \97\ ^ Herbert L, Kufher: Kontrastivc Phonologie Deutsch-Enghsch, Stuttgart
1971.
Leisi 1953 = Ernst Lcisi: Der Worrinhalt. Seine Struktur im Deutschen und Englischen. Heidelberg 1953 [4th ed, 1971].
Malblanc /961 = Alfred Malblanc: Stylistique comparee du francais et de 1'allemand, Essai de representation linguistiquc comparee et etude de traduction. Paris 1961.
Nemser Vincenz 1972 = William Nemser/Ileana Vincenz: The indeterminacy of semantic interference. In: Revue Roumame de Lingiiisrique 17. 1972, pp. 99 -120.
Reitig 19H5 = Wolfgang Rettig: Die zweisprachige Lexikographie Franzosisch-Deutch/Deutsch-Franzosisch. Stand, Probleme, Aufgaben. In: Lexicographica I. 1985, pp. 83 - 124.
Schmitz I960 = Siegfried Schmitz: Englische Worterbucher. In: Die Neueren
Sprachen 9. 1960, pp. 226 - 242. Siegrisi 197? = Leslie Siegrist: Bibhographie zur kontrastiven Linguistik. Trier 1977. Snell-Hornby 19H4 = Mary Snell-Hornby: The bilingual dictionary — help or
hindrance? In: R.R.K.Hartmann (ed.): LEXeter '83 Proceedings. Tubingen 1984
(Lexicographica. Series Maior 1), 274 - 281 Terms 1976 - Elmar Ternes: Probleme der kontrastiven Phonetik. Hamburg 1976
(Forum Phoneticum 13). Vinay Oarbelnei 1958 = Jean-Paul Vinay/Jean Louis Darbelnet: Stylistique comparee
du frangais et de Г anglais. Methode de traduction. Paris 1958. Zgusta 19X4 = Ladislav Zgusta: Translation equivalence in the bilingual dictionary. In:
R.R.K.Hartmann (ed.): LEXeter '83 Proceedings. Tubingen 1984
(Lexicographica. Series Maior 1), 147 - 154.