Conclusion

In discussing some of the recent history of British and American lexicography, my aim has been to increase the understanding of its present products so that its ftiture products can be improved. In lexicography as elsewhere, we must understand the ^ч* от\й before we cati cVrange й ?от Vht better.

Discussion

Ouestions:

• What are the leading dictionary publishers in Great Britain and America?

• What are the chief contributions of British and American lexicographers to lexicography?

RECOMMENDED DICTIONARIES

The American Heritage Dictionary. — Boston, 1991. Ayto J. The Longman Register of New Words. — M._s 1990. BBC English Dictionary. — London, 1993. Chambers Universal Learners' Dictionary. — Edinburgh. 1980. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. - - London and Glasgow_;1987. Collins Cobuild Dictionary ofldioms. — London, 1995. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. — Oxford. 1990. Cowie A.P., Mackin R. Oxford Dictionary of Idiomatic English, — Oxford, 1984. — Vol. 1,2.

Crabb G. Crabb's English Synonyms: Arranged Alphabetically with Complete Cross

References Throughout. — London, 1982. Dictionary of American Slang / Compiled and edited by H.Wentworth and

S.B.Flexner. - New York, 1975. English Pronouncing Dictionary. D.Jones / Ed. by A.C. Gimson. — Carrtbridge,

199).

Freeman W. A Concise Dictionary of English Idioms. — London, 1982. Harrap's Standard Learners' English Dictionary. — London, 1990. Lehnert M. Reverse Dictionary of Present-day English. — Leipzig, 1973 Longman Dictionary of American English. — Printed in the USA, 1997. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. — Harlow, 1987. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary' English. — Harlow, 1995. Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture. — Harlow, 1993. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. — Harlow, 1992.

Longman Language Activator. — Harlow, 1994.

McArlhur T. Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English. — Harlow, 1982.

McArthur Т. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford - New-York, 1992.

The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, A.S.Hornby / Ed. by

A.P.Cowie. — Oxford, 1989. The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English'' Ed. by LCrowher. —

Oxford, 1995.

Tiie Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology / Ed. by С. T.Onions. — Oxford, 1985.

The Oxford Dictionary for the Business World, — New York, 1993.

The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. — Oxford, 1992.

"The Oxford Dictionary of New Words. A Popular Guide to Words in the News. —

Oxford-New York, 1991. "!he Oxford Dictionary of New Words. Oxford University Press. — Oxford, 1997. The Oxford -Dtiden Pictorial English Dictionary. Oxford - Moscow, 1985. Tne Oxford English-Russian Dictionary / Ed .by P.S.Falla. — Oxford, 1992. The Oxford Reference Dictionary / Ed. by J.M. Hawkins. — Oxford, 1988. ^ne Oxford Russian Dictionary. English-Russian / Ed. by P.Falla. Russian-English /

Ed. by M.Wheeler and B. Unbegaun. — M,, 1995. Partridge E. A Dictionary of Cliches, — London, 1981.

Cartridge E. A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. — London, 1979. — Vol. 1,2.

Paxton J. The Penguin Dictionary of Abbreviations. --London, 1989. P^uhian B.A, A Concise Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. — London, 1982. ~he Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford, 1992. Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases. — London, 1987. V-ia R. New International Abbreviations Dictionary. — New York, 1983. Spears R.A. American Idioms Dictionary. —■ M., 1991,

Shears R.A. NTCs Dictionary' of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions. -USA: National Textbook Company, 1993.

n:'J <.'л2тлг. Macmillan F.d. William D. Halsey. — New York - London, 198"

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. — Oxford, 1974.— Vol. 1,2.

Walker J. The Rhyming Dictionary of the English Language, — London, 1979. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. — London -

Springfield, 1961. — Vol.1,2. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms. — USA. 1984. Wells J.C. Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. — Harlow, 1997. Wheeler M. Oxford Russian-English Dictionary, — Oxford, 1978. Wood F.T. Dictionary of English Colloquial Idioms. — London, 1980. Англа-беларуска-pycKi слоутк / Пад агул. рэд. Т.М.Сушы i А.К.Шчуи. —

Мн., 1989.

Англо-русский идеографический словарь / Т.И.Шаталова. — М., 1994. Англо-русский синонимический словарь / Ю.Д.Апресян, В.В.Ботякова,

Т.Э. Латышева и др. Под рук. А.И.Розенмана. Ю.Д.Апресяна. —- М.,

1979.

Бенсон М., Бенсон" Э., Илсон Р. Комбинаторный словарь английского языка. — М.,1990.

Кунин А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь. —- М.,1984. Новый англо-русскнй словарь / В.К,Мюллер, В.Л.Дашевская, В.А.Капдак и др. — М., 1994.

Новый Большой англо-русский словарь. В 3-х т. / Апресян Ю.Д., Медникова Э.М., Петрова А.В. и др. Под общ. рук. Ю.Д. Апресяна и Э.М.Медни-ковой. — М., 1997.

Русско-английский словарь / Сост. О.С.Ахматова, З.С.Выгодская, Т.П. Горбу­нова и др. Под обш. рук. А.ИСмирницкого; иод ред. О.С.Ахмановой. — М., 1997,

Словарь новых слов и значений в английском языке / Трофимова З.С. —■ М., 1993.

Уилсоп ЕА.М. Англо-русский учебный словарь. — М., 1982. Pay attention to some widely used abbreviations:

ACD American College Dictionary

AHD American Heritage Dictionary

ALD (OALD) Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English

CED Collins English Dictionary

Chambers Chambers 20th Century Dictionary

COD Concise Oxford Dictionary

GID Reader's Digest Great Illustrated Dictionary

LASDE Longman Active Study Dictionary of English

LDAE Longman Dictionary of American English

LDEL Longman Dictionary of the English Language

LDOCE Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

LNUD 1 ,ongman New Universal Dictionary

OAD Oxford American Dictionary

OED Oxford English Dictionary; New English Dictionary

OPD Oxford Paperback Dictionary

POD Pocket Oxford Dictionary

SOD The Shorter Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles W_? (Webster's Third) Webster's Third New International Dictionary

Ws Webster's Eighth New Collegiate Dictionary

W.j Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary

WNWD Webster's New World Dictionary

Characterize the dictionaries according to the model:

• the type of the dictionary;

• the size of the dictionary;

• the structure of the dictionary;

• the nature of die word list;

• the arrangement of the entries;

• the arrangement of derivatives;

• the arrangement of compounds; —- the arrangement of phrasal verbs;

• the arrangement of idioms;

• the arrangement of the meanings of the word;

• the information supplied about the word:

• pronunciation (International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) or phonetic respelling);

• part of speech notation,

• etymology;

• 'subject field' labels (astronomy, botany, chemistry, etc.);

• style labels ((formal informal, etc.);

—- usage labels and pragmatics (taboo, rude, derogatory, etc.);

— temporal labels (archaic, obsolete, etc.);

- territorial variants (American, British, etc.);

• the language in which the information about the words is given;

• the prospective user.

Compare the dictionary entries in synchronic and diachrontc dictionaries.

Make sure you understand the meaning of the following terms which are used In English dictionaries. Find the equivalents In Belarusian and Russian:

appreciative	informal
approving	ironical
archaic	jocular
Bible (biblical)	literary
colloquial	obsolete
dated	old use
derogatory	pejorative
dialectal	poetic
emotive	pompous
emphatic	rare
euphemistic	rhetorical
figurative	slang
formal	taboo
historical	technical
humorous	vulgar

Discussion

Que st ions:

• What are the mam types of dictionaries?

• What information do encyclopedic dictionaries include? What is the difference between linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries'⁷

• By what criteria can linguistic dictionaries be classified?

• What specialized dictionaries do you know?

• What is meant by a glossary?

What are the characteristic features of learner's dictionaries?

Which of the opposing principles, the descriptive or the prescriptive, is

accepted by learner's dictionaries?

What dictionaries (encyclopedic and linguistic) do you use?

What are the dictionary "giants'"?

How is one to know what plan has been followed by the dictionary

compilers in selecting the words, arranging the meanings, etc.?

What is the role of the preface?

Which dictionaries are used as guides to usage?

How is the semantic structure of the lexicon reflected in dictionaries?