- •Part I: Shaft Sinking and Drifting
- •1.1. Remember the following words.
- •1.6. Translate paragraph 5 and 6 from the text above in writing using a dictionary.
- •1.7. Answer the following questions.
- •1.8. Match the terms and their definitions.
- •1.9. Give a short summary of the text using the following phrases:
- •1.10. Reproduce the dialogue.
- •2.2. Find in the text given below English equivalents to the Russian phrases.
- •2.3. Find pairs of antonyms.
- •2.4. Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
- •2.10 Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
- •2.11 Complete the sentences with some suitable parts.
- •2.12 Match the terms and their definitions.
- •2.13 Read and memorize the words.
- •2.15. Analyze and translate the derivatives.
- •2.16. Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
- •2.17. Translate into English.
- •2.18. Translate in writing 1 and 2 from the text given above.
- •3.1. Read and memorize the words.
- •Explosives. Historical Note
- •3.7. Answer the questions to the text.
- •3.8. Read and memorize the words.
- •3.9. Read the text “Commercial Explosives” and answer the following questions.
- •Commercial Explosives
- •3.10. Translate in writing the text given below. If necessary use a dictionary. Storing and Handling Explosives
- •3.11. Reproduce the dialogue.
- •Part II: Tunneling
- •1.1. Read and try to memorize the words.
- •1.2. Read and recognize the following international words.
- •1.3. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •1.4. Read the text “Tunnel Basic” and answer the following questions.
- •Tunnel Basic
- •1.5 Look at Figure II and try to speak about forces interacting to produce equilibrium on a tunnel.
- •1.6 Look through the text once again, find sentences with the Infinitive and translate them.
- •1.7. Read the text “Major Types of Tunnels” and find the answers to the following questions.
- •Major Types of Tunnels
- •1.8. Look through the text once again and complete the table. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates. Types of tunnels
- •1.9. Match English and Russian phrases. Write down your answers.
- •From the history of tunneling
- •Milestones in the history of tunneling
- •1.14. Summarize the text given above using expressions (page 67).
- •1.15. Study the text “Tools and Techniques” and complete the table.
- •Tools and Techniques
- •1.16. Are the following statements false or true? Write down your answers.
- •1.17. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down your answers.
- •Holland Tunnel
- •Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower Underground Canal
- •Thames Tunnel
- •2.1. Read and try to memorize the words and word-combinations.
- •2.2. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •2.3. Study the text “Tunnel Planning”. Try to understand as much information as you can. Tunnel Planning
- •2.4. Change the form of the word so that it could be filled in the blank space in the sentence.
- •2.5. Write a short summary of the text you have read using the following as a plan.
- •2.6. Discuss with your group-mates the process of a tunnel planning. The following phrases will help you.
- •2.7. Before reading the text “Types of Tunnels and Construction Methods” study the table and say what construction methods are used in each of the three environments. Make use of the Model.
- •Drilling and blasting (d&b) method
- •Natm New Austrian Tunneling Method (natm)
- •2.13. Translate the following text in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 15 minutes. Tunnel Boring Machine (tbm) method
- •2.14. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down the answers.
- •2.15. Match the words in a with their antonyms in b. Write down the answers.
- •2.16. Click here to watch the video how tbm works in hard rock:
- •What is trenchless technology?
- •2.18. Skim the text once again and fill in the table. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates.
- •2.19. Click here to watch the video about how trenchless piper replacement technology works.
- •2.20. Translate the following text in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 15 minutes. Shallow-buried Tunnel or Soft Soil Tunnel
- •2.21. Read and summarize the text “Underwater Tunnel” using expressions (page 67). Underwater Tunnel
- •Immersed-tube method
- •2.22. Look through the text once again and find sentences with Participle I and Participle II. Translate these sentences.
- •2.23. Look at the picture, think and organize the procedure of underwater tunnel construction in order.
- •3.1. Read and try to memorize the words.
- •3.2. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •3.3. Read the text “Tunnel Construction along the Road Adler – Krasnaya Polyana” and complite the table under it. Tunnel Construction along the Road Adler – Krasnaya Polyana
- •Tunnels Construction
- •3D model of the Tunnel system1
- •Severomuysky Tunnel
- •3.8. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down the answers.
- •3.9. Read the text “Gotthard Base Tunnel” and give its summary using expressions (page 67). Gotthard Base Tunnel (gbt)
- •3.9. Read the text “Miracle under the Alps” and write down the most interesting facts for you. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates. Miracle under the Alps
- •3.9. Click here to watch photos from the construction site of the gbt.
- •3.10. Click here to watch video about the gbt. Speak about your impression about this project.
- •4.1. Read and try to memorize the words.
- •4.2. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •4.3. Translate the text “The future of tunnels” in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 25 minutes. The future of tunnels
- •Tunnel planned between Russia and usa
- •4.8. Look at the picture and render suggested information from Russian into English.
- •4.9. Click here to watch the video about tbMs which will be able to construct a tunnel under the Bering Strait:
2.15. Analyze and translate the derivatives.
preserve – preservation – preservative; destruct – destruction – destructive; crush – crushed – crushing; treat – treatment; timber – timbering; grow – growth; expose – exposed – exposure
2.16. Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
1. Strength of Timber.
2. Preservation of Timber.
3. Strength and Preservation of Timber.
1. A stick of mine timber, due to the cellular nature of wood, may be considered as a bundle of parallel tubes. It resists pressure against the ends much better then pressure brought against the sides. Strong end pressure on a stick will cause in to split lengthwise with subsequent failure. Heavy pressure against the sides will squeeze the cells together, compressing the stick. It unsupported, the stick will bend and later fail by splitting or cracking.
2. Moisture affects the strength of timber. Drying stiffens and strengthens the wood fibers, and it has stated that a dry stick has double the strength of the same stick when green. However, seasoning commonly results in some checking, splitting, warping and twisting. For these reasons, and the fact that the timber is likely to be wet at some time, it is safer not to assume any increase in strength over the green conditions. Peeling and proper seasoning may reduce the weight some 40 to 43 % as compared with green timber. Experiments show that trees cut in winter have fully as much sap in them as trees cut in spring or summer.
3. The causes of the destruction of mine timber are commonly given as follows: decay, fire and crushing, insects and waste.
4. Decay is caused by low forms of plant life or fungi which break down the wood substance and use it as food. Fungi will live under conditions of a wide range of temperature, from nearly freezing to about 1200 F., but the optimum conditions for growth are between 700 and 900 F. The wood must be just moist, for both saturated and dry conditions inhibit growth. Sufficient air for growth seems to be obtained in any part of a mine. The most effective way of preventing the growth of fungi is to poison their food supply by impregnating the wood with some chemical or combination of chemicals.
5. Guniting (торкретирование) the exposed surface of timber with Portland cement and sand sprayed from a cement gun acts as an effective protection against fire, and for this reason many mines treat timber in shafts and at shaft stations. Expanded metal lath or chicken wire is first nailed to the timber before the coating of cement is applied. However, as a protection against decay, guniting is effective only as long as the coating of cement remains unbroken and covers the entire of the timber.
6. Timber is prepared for treatment with a preservative by proper seasoning. In green timber must be treated, it can be conditioned by steaming and than applying a vacuum.
7. Methods of treatment are:
(1) Brush treatment or painting the timber with a preservative or merely dipping it in a tank of preservative;
(2) Open-Tank Method, in which the timber is immersed in a tank of hot preservative and it is then in a tank of cold preservative;
(3) Pressure Processes, in which preservative is forced into the cells of wood.
8. Preservatives used are creosote, zinc chloride, sodium fluoride and other chemicals.
Note: 1. to apply coat by dipping – наносить покрытие окунанием.
2. guniting with Portland cement – обработка портланд цементом.