1.8. Look through the text once again and complete the table. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates. Types of tunnels

Based on the setting	Rock tunnels
Based on their purposes		Public works tunnels

1.9. Match English and Russian phrases. Write down your answers.

1. to dig through the earth	1. проходческий щит
2. a tunnel shield	2. использоваться как метро, системы водоснабжения и отвода сточных вод
3. to support any unstable ground	3. копать сквозь землю
4. to be based on the setting	4. крепить любой нестабильный грунт
5. reliable tool or technique	5. надежные механизмы и технологии
6. to be used as subways, water-supply systems, and sewers	6. основываться на окружении
7. tunnel boring machines	7. предотвращать разрушение
8. to prevent from collapsing	8. тоннелепроходческие комбайны

1.10. Translate the derivatives.

to dig – digging – digger; tunnel – to tunnel – tunneling; possible –impossible – possibility; geology – geological – geologist; to excavate – excavation – excavator.

1.11. Look through the text once again and find sentences with Participle I and Participle II. Translate these sentences.

1.12. Summarize the text given above using expressions (page 67).

1.13. Skim the text “From the history of tunneling”. Complete the table given below.

From the history of tunneling

With more and more million kilometers of highways and railways all over the world, life above ground has become increasingly congested (переполненный). Tunnels provide some of the last available space for cars and trains, water and sewage, even power and communication lines. Today, it’s safe to bore through mountains and burrow (рыть) beneath oceans, but it took engineers thousands of years to perfect the art of digging tunnels.

The origin of tunnel building is disputed (спорный). The Egyptians built tunnels as entrances to tombs (могила). The Babylonians built (2180 B.C.) a tunnel under the Euphrates using what is now called the “cut-and-cover” method; the river was diverted (переводить по другим каналам), a wide trench was dug across its bed, and a brick tube was constructed in it and covered up. The ancient Greeks and Romans built tunnels for carrying water and for mining purposes; some of the Roman tunnels are still in use.

Before cars and trains, tunnels carried only water. The earliest tunnels were used to transport water to, and sewage away from, heavily populated regions. Roman engineers used an extensive network of tunnels to help carry water from mountain springs (источник) to cities and villages. These tunnels were part of aqueduct systems, which also comprised underground chambers and sloping (наклонный) bridge-like structures supported by a series of arches. By 97 A.D., nine aqueducts carried approximately 85 million gallons of water a day from mountain springs to the city of Rome.

Ancient Roman aqueduct

B y the 17th century, tunnels were being constructed for canals. Without roads or railways to transport raw materials from the country to the city, watery highways became the best way to haul freight (перевозить груз) over great distances.

Worsley Underground Canal Tunnel

With trains and cars came a tremendous (огромный) expansion in tunnel construction. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the development of railroad and motor vehicle transportation led to bigger, better, and longer tunnels.

Today, even mountains and oceans don’t stand in the way. With the latest tunnel construction technology, engineers can bore through mountains, under rivers, and beneath cities. Before carving a tunnel, engineers investigate (исследовать) ground conditions by analyzing soil and rock samples (пробы) and drilling test holes.