- •Part I: Shaft Sinking and Drifting
- •1.1. Remember the following words.
- •1.6. Translate paragraph 5 and 6 from the text above in writing using a dictionary.
- •1.7. Answer the following questions.
- •1.8. Match the terms and their definitions.
- •1.9. Give a short summary of the text using the following phrases:
- •1.10. Reproduce the dialogue.
- •2.2. Find in the text given below English equivalents to the Russian phrases.
- •2.3. Find pairs of antonyms.
- •2.4. Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
- •2.10 Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
- •2.11 Complete the sentences with some suitable parts.
- •2.12 Match the terms and their definitions.
- •2.13 Read and memorize the words.
- •2.15. Analyze and translate the derivatives.
- •2.16. Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
- •2.17. Translate into English.
- •2.18. Translate in writing 1 and 2 from the text given above.
- •3.1. Read and memorize the words.
- •Explosives. Historical Note
- •3.7. Answer the questions to the text.
- •3.8. Read and memorize the words.
- •3.9. Read the text “Commercial Explosives” and answer the following questions.
- •Commercial Explosives
- •3.10. Translate in writing the text given below. If necessary use a dictionary. Storing and Handling Explosives
- •3.11. Reproduce the dialogue.
- •Part II: Tunneling
- •1.1. Read and try to memorize the words.
- •1.2. Read and recognize the following international words.
- •1.3. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •1.4. Read the text “Tunnel Basic” and answer the following questions.
- •Tunnel Basic
- •1.5 Look at Figure II and try to speak about forces interacting to produce equilibrium on a tunnel.
- •1.6 Look through the text once again, find sentences with the Infinitive and translate them.
- •1.7. Read the text “Major Types of Tunnels” and find the answers to the following questions.
- •Major Types of Tunnels
- •1.8. Look through the text once again and complete the table. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates. Types of tunnels
- •1.9. Match English and Russian phrases. Write down your answers.
- •From the history of tunneling
- •Milestones in the history of tunneling
- •1.14. Summarize the text given above using expressions (page 67).
- •1.15. Study the text “Tools and Techniques” and complete the table.
- •Tools and Techniques
- •1.16. Are the following statements false or true? Write down your answers.
- •1.17. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down your answers.
- •Holland Tunnel
- •Inside a Holland Tunnel ventilation tower Underground Canal
- •Thames Tunnel
- •2.1. Read and try to memorize the words and word-combinations.
- •2.2. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •2.3. Study the text “Tunnel Planning”. Try to understand as much information as you can. Tunnel Planning
- •2.4. Change the form of the word so that it could be filled in the blank space in the sentence.
- •2.5. Write a short summary of the text you have read using the following as a plan.
- •2.6. Discuss with your group-mates the process of a tunnel planning. The following phrases will help you.
- •2.7. Before reading the text “Types of Tunnels and Construction Methods” study the table and say what construction methods are used in each of the three environments. Make use of the Model.
- •Drilling and blasting (d&b) method
- •Natm New Austrian Tunneling Method (natm)
- •2.13. Translate the following text in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 15 minutes. Tunnel Boring Machine (tbm) method
- •2.14. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down the answers.
- •2.15. Match the words in a with their antonyms in b. Write down the answers.
- •2.16. Click here to watch the video how tbm works in hard rock:
- •What is trenchless technology?
- •2.18. Skim the text once again and fill in the table. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates.
- •2.19. Click here to watch the video about how trenchless piper replacement technology works.
- •2.20. Translate the following text in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 15 minutes. Shallow-buried Tunnel or Soft Soil Tunnel
- •2.21. Read and summarize the text “Underwater Tunnel” using expressions (page 67). Underwater Tunnel
- •Immersed-tube method
- •2.22. Look through the text once again and find sentences with Participle I and Participle II. Translate these sentences.
- •2.23. Look at the picture, think and organize the procedure of underwater tunnel construction in order.
- •3.1. Read and try to memorize the words.
- •3.2. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •3.3. Read the text “Tunnel Construction along the Road Adler – Krasnaya Polyana” and complite the table under it. Tunnel Construction along the Road Adler – Krasnaya Polyana
- •Tunnels Construction
- •3D model of the Tunnel system1
- •Severomuysky Tunnel
- •3.8. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down the answers.
- •3.9. Read the text “Gotthard Base Tunnel” and give its summary using expressions (page 67). Gotthard Base Tunnel (gbt)
- •3.9. Read the text “Miracle under the Alps” and write down the most interesting facts for you. Discuss the results you have obtained with your group-mates. Miracle under the Alps
- •3.9. Click here to watch photos from the construction site of the gbt.
- •3.10. Click here to watch video about the gbt. Speak about your impression about this project.
- •4.1. Read and try to memorize the words.
- •4.2. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •4.3. Translate the text “The future of tunnels” in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 25 minutes. The future of tunnels
- •Tunnel planned between Russia and usa
- •4.8. Look at the picture and render suggested information from Russian into English.
- •4.9. Click here to watch the video about tbMs which will be able to construct a tunnel under the Bering Strait:
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное
учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Кузбасский государственный технический университет»
Кафедра иностранных языков
И. В. Батенко, Н. А. Устинова
Tunneling, Shaft Sinking and Drifting
(Прокладывание тоннелей. Проходка вертикальных
и горизонтальных выработок)
Рекомендовано в качестве учебных методических указаний по самостоятельной работе для студентов II курса
учебно-методической комиссией специальности 130406
«Шахтное и подземное строительство»
Кемерово 2011
Чадина Л. К. – ст. преп. кафедры иностранных языков
Першин В. В. – председатель УМК специальности 130406 «Шахтное и подземное строительство»
Батенко Ирина Владимировна, Устинова Нина Андреевна. “Tunneling, Shaft Sinking and Drifting” (Прокладывание тоннелей. Проходка вертикальных и горизонтальных выработок.): методические указания [Электронный ресурс]: для студентов всех специальностей очной формы обучения / И. В. Батенко, Н. А. Устинова. – Электрон. дан. – Кемерово : ГУ КузГТУ, 2011. – 1 электрон. опт. диск (CD-ROM) ; зв. ; цв. ; 12 см. – Систем. требования : Pentium IV ; ОЗУ 8 Мб ; Windows 2003 ; (CD-ROM-дисковод) ; мышь. – Загл. с экрана.
Цель методических указаний – дальнейшее развитие умений и навыков устной речи по специальности на основе текстовой, графической и видео информации. Также решаются задачи совершенствования навыков разных видов чтения, перевода, аннотирования и реферирования.
Все задания ориентированы на то, чтобы зрело читать научно-технические тексты, самостоятельно вести поиск нужной информации, обобщать полученную информацию и углублять общекультурные компетенции.
ГУ КузГТУ
Батенко И. В.
Устинова Н. А.
Предисловие
Методические указания “Tunneling. Shaft Sinking and Drifting”. (Прокладывание тоннелей. Проходка вертикальных и горизонтальных выработок.) предназначены для студентов II курса ФНПС, специальность 130406 “Шахтное и подземное строительство”.
Цель методических указаний – дальнейшее развитие умений и навыков устной речи по специальности на основе текстовой, графической и видео информации. Также решаются задачи совершенствования навыков разных видов чтения, перевода, аннотирования и реферирования.
Все задания ориентированы на то, чтобы зрело читать научно-технические тексты, самостоятельно вести поиск нужной информации, обобщать полученную информацию и углублять общекультурные компетенции.
МУ состоят из 2 частей (Part I, Part II). Часть I состоит из 3 разделов (Units) и посвящена проходке вертикальных и горизонтальных выработок. Часть II состоит из 4 разделов (Units) и содержит материал о строительстве тоннелей. Лексический состав методических указаний соответствует современному состоянию английского языка научно-технического стиля.
Методические указания могут быть использованы как для самостоятельной работы, так и для работы в аудитории.
Part I: Shaft Sinking and Drifting
Unit 1.
1.1. Remember the following words.
average |
a |
средний |
depth |
n |
глубина |
dig |
v |
копать, добывать |
drift |
n |
штрек, горизонтальная выработка |
drive |
v |
проходить (горизонтальную выработку) |
heat |
n |
теплота; v нагревать, обогревать |
mine |
n |
шахта, рудник; v добывать, разрабатывать |
miner |
n |
шахтер, горняк; угольный комбайн |
mining |
n
|
горное дело, горная специальность; ведение горных работ; open cut (open pit, placer, surface) mining открытая разработка; underground mining подземная разработка; a горный, горнорудный |
ore |
n |
руда |
pit |
n |
шахта, карьер, шурф |
prospect |
v |
разведывать |
rоck |
n |
горная порода |
shaft |
n |
ствол (шахты); inclined shaft наклонный ствол |
shallow |
a |
мелкий, поверхностный; ant deep |
sink |
v |
проходить (шахтный ствол, вертикальную выработку) |
strata |
n |
pl от stratum пласты породы, свита (пластов) |
supply |
v |
снабжать, обеспечивать; syn. provide |
trench |
n |
ров, канава; v рыть, копать |
value |
n |
ценность, стоимость, важность; v ценить, оценивать |
1.2. Read and translate without a dictionary.
military escort, granite obelisk, high officials, primitive mining, recorded civilization; organization of expeditions; mining engineering
1.3. Read and translate the words and their derivatives.
mine – miner – mining; engineer – engineering; labour – labourer – labouring; prospect – prospector – prospecting; sink – sinker – sinking; trench – trenching; value – valuable; drive – driver – driving
1.4. Find synonyms among the following words.
tool, operation, provide, instrument, supply, working, price, record, write, value
1.5. Read and choose the proper title to the text given below.
1. Mining in Egypt
2. First Mining Equipment
3. Beginning of Mining
1. The beginning of mining lies back in prehistoric times. Gold was washed from gravels, copper was mined and reduced from its ores, and bitumens were used before recorded civilization. Flint (кремень) implements have been found with the bones of Paleolithic man, who lived some 450,000 years ago. The first primitive mining was trenching or open-cut work. Later, man advanced to underground mining by sinking round pits up to 50 ft. in depth and driving drifts out into flint bearing strata from the bottom of these shallow shafts. The tools used were picks and hammers (молоток) and wedges (клин) made of the horns (рога) of the red deer (олень), as well as hammers and wedges of flint.
2. The earliest mining on record seems to have been done by the Egyptians in the turquoise (бирюза) mines of the Sinai Peninsular, where sandstone cliffs are inscribed with a pictorial representation of these expeditions. The expeditions were well organized and were composed of high officials, a few engineers and prospectors, and many labourers, totaling in some cases two or three thousand men. In addition, they were provided with a military escort. Food was carried on the backs of hundreds of donkeys (осел), and the expeditions were self-supporting.
3. Silver is mentioned in an inscription on a granite obelisk discovered at Susa, the capital city of Elam, which was captured by the Babylonians about 3500 B.C. The inscription is thought to have been written 4500 B.C., and the record proves that silver was used as a standard of money. In Egypt during the 18th Dynasty, 1650 to 1400 B.C., silver was valued more highly than gold.
4. Gold in ancient times came largely from Nubia, in southern Sudan, Africa. Placer operations covered large areas. Over 100 square miles were worked to an average depth of 7 ft. Shallow shafts were sunk, and the gravel was washed in flat wooden dishes. It is probable that placer mining was begun in this region some 4000 years ago. Later placer mining gave way to vein mining. Tunnels were driven into the hillsides, and later inclined shafts were sunk to a depth of 160 ft. The principal tool was a stone hammer, and the rock was loosened by building a fire against it and then throwing water on the heated rock. By supplying the material for commerce, for tools, for implements of war, and for jewelry and other ornaments, the products of the mines were prime factors in advancing the civilization of the ancient Egyptians. However valuable the products of the mines were to ancient kings, mining as an art could advance but slowly as long as mining was done by slaves, in many instances driven to death by cruel taskmasters.
5. The Greek historian Diodorus describes the operation of the silver mines of Iberia, now Spain, as follows: Those who worked below the ground in the digging day and night are wasted in body, and many of them die in consequence of excessive ill treatment, for release or rest from their labours is not allowed; the blows of their masters compel them to endure their dreadful misfortune until miserably they yield their lives; some, on the other hand, through strength of body and vigor of soul endure this treatment and have a long lasting misery, for death is their preference than life, because of the greatness of their wretchedness.
6. At the silver-lead mines in Greece slaves were bought for as little as $ 31.50 apiece, but one Nicias (никиец) was bought at the price of a talent for about $ 1000. Thus the value of technical knowledge in mining was recognized at this early time.
7. By the first century A.D., mining had developed into an important industry among the Romans. However, with the overthrow of the Roman Empire the industry suffered for many centuries. Miners in medieval Germany were segregated into a class by themselves. In 1185 a charter was granted to miners by which they were “given the right of tarrying, labouring and going and coming in the mountains, in the city, and wherever they might wish, freely and without hindrance”. They were given the right to a “measured plot of ground for pursuing the discovery of ore.” This was a most important event in the mining industry, for it might be said to mark the beginning of mining engineering as a profession.