1.16. Are the following statements false or true? Write down your answers.

1. Fire-setting was first used in a tunnel around 1000 B.C., to mine coal from Egyptian mountains.

2. In spite of disadvantages fire-setting remained the standard tunnel digging method for over 5,000 years.

3. Hand tools were first used in a tunnel around 2000 B.C. to mine copper, gold, and salt from mountains in England.

4. Gunpowder was first used in 1679, to build an underground section of the Canal du Midi, and dynamite was first used only in 1867.

5. Compressed air drill was safe and three times more effective than gunpowder.

6. Tunnel Boring Machine was first used in 1957 to excavate the Thames Tunnel, London, England.

7. Tunnel shield is an internal frame, or shield, used to support loose earth in a tunnel while digging.

8. The idea of a tunnel shield was borrowed from nature by Marc Brunel.

1.17. Match the words in a with their synonyms in b. Write down your answers.

A B

1. use	1. aim, goal
2. construct	2. demand
3. rigid	3. man-made
4. excavate	4. utilize, apply
5. support	5. build
6. purpose	6. dig
7. shape	7. back up
8. artificial	8. destroy
9. collapse	9. hard
10. require	10. form

1.18. Match the words in A with their opposites in B. Write down the answers.

A B

1. advantage	1. dead
2. soft	2. impossible
3. live	3. disadvantage
4. artificial	4. underground
5. possible	5. creation, generation
6. ground	6. natural
7. collapse	7. hard

1.19. Give the definitions matching A with B.

A B

a tunnel shield	a tool that can rip through rock with ease
a tunnel boring machine	an internal frame, used to support loose earth in a tunnel while digging
a compressed air drill	a massive rock-chewing machine designed to carve through rock

1.20. Summarize the text “Tools and Techniques” using expressions (page 67).

1.21. Translate one of the following texts in written form with a dictionary. Try to manage within 20-25 minutes.

Holland Tunnel

L ocation: New York, New York, and Jersey City, New Jersey, USA Completion Date: 1927 Cost: $ 48 million

Purpose: Roadway

Setting: Underwater

Materials: Steel, concrete Engineer(s): Clifford Holland

Holland Tunnel is а twin-tube tunnel under the Hudson River. The tunnel was completed in 1927 and opened for traffic оn November 13 of that year. It was named for Clifford М. Holland, the engineer who designed it. The north tube is 2,608 m long and the south tube 2,551 long. The roadway is 6.1 meters wide. The Holland Tunnel was one of the first major uses of a compressed air chamber for tunnel stability.

T his tunnel is considered to be а notable engineering achievement because it solved the problem of ventilating а long vehicular tunnel. Engineer Clifford Holland came up with a brilliantly simple solution – big fans. Inside four massive ventilation buildings on both ends of the tunnel are 84 powerful electric fans that draw fresh air into the tunnel and blow dirty air out. Each fan is 80 feet in diameter.