Appendix 4: Abbreviations and Shortenings

Abbreviations and Shortenings	Latin	English	Українська
A. D.	Anno Domini		нашої ери
B. C.		Before Christ	до нашої ери
a. m.	ante meridiem		до полудня, ранок
p. m.	post meridiem		після полудня, день, вечір
etc.	et celera	and so on	тощо
exc.		except	крім, окрім
e. g.	exampli gratia	for example	наприклад
i. e.	id est	in other word(s) that is	тобто
id.		the same	один і той самий
cf.	confer	compare	порівняй
fig.		figure	1) цифра 2)малюнок, схема
v. s.		see above	дивись вище
vs.	versus	as against	проти
v. v.	vice versa	on the contrary	навпаки

Appendix 5: Mathematical Symbols and Expressions

+	addition, plus (to add)
−	subtraction, minus (to subtract)
˟	multiplication (to multiple (by), times)
:	division (to divide (by))
=	is, equals, is equals
≠	is not equal to
~	similar to
>	greater than
<	less than
≥	equal or greater than
∞	infinity, infinite
[ ]	square brackets
( )	round brackets
{ }	braces
52	five squared
63	six cubed
75	seven to the fifth power
'	minute, foot, feet (pl.)
"	second, inch
	angle
	a prime
	a second prime or a double prime
	a third prime or a triple prime
	limit
	Logarithm
	function of x
	Summation
	differential of x
	absolute value of x
	integral of
	integral of a function of x over dx
	integral between limits n and m
	a sub one
	a sub two
	x squared
	round brackets opened x minus a
	R sub one multiplied by x
	a to the -th power
	the ratio of the product pl divided by the product ae
	cube root (out) of
	the square root of four
	the n-th root out of a to the m-th (power)

Appendix 6: Measurement

Units of measurement of distance (Linear Measures)

a nautic mile (knot)	1852,18 metres	морська миля
a mile (mi)	1609,33m	миля
a yard (yd)	91.44centm	ярд
a foot (feet pl.)	30.48cm	фут
an inch (in)	2.54cm	дюйм
a point	0.351mm	пойнт

Units of measurement − of weight

a pound (lb)	453.59 grams	фунт
a ounce (oz)	28.35 gr.	унція
a grain	64.8 mil.gr.	гран

Units of measurement − of liquids volume)

a barrel (depends on a product)	140,6 – 190,9 liters	барель
for liquids	119,2 (Am) 163,6 (Br)
a gallon (gal)	4,55 liters (Br) 3,785 (Am)	галон
a quart (qt)	1,14 liter (Br) 0,95 (Am)	кварта
a pint (pt)	0,57 liter (Br) 0,47 (Am)	пінта

Appendix 7: English language − around the world

AFRICA

Ascension is a part of the UK as a dependency of Saint Helena.

Botswana was a Crown Colony until 1966. Besides English, Setswana is the other official language, and Bantu is spoken as well.

Cameroon was a Crown Colony until 1961. English and French are the two official languages, plus 24 major African language groups exist here.

The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965, English is the official language but Mandinka, Wolof, Fulani and other indigenous vernaculars are spoken.

Ghana became an independent country from the UK in 1957. English is the official, but African languages (Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe and Gг) are native.

Lesotho was a protectorate until 1966. Sesotho is official besides English, and Zulu and Xhosa are other important languages.

Liberia is the country where liberated slaves from the US were settled from 1822. It has been an independent country since 1847. English is the native tongue of about the 96% of the population, and 20 local languages from the Niger-Congo language group are spoken.

Malawi was a protectorate until 1964. The two official languages are English and Chichewa.

Mauritius became independent from Britain in 1968. English is official, but Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka and Bojpoori are spoken.

Namibia used to belong to South Africa. Its final independence was gained in 1990. Although English is the official language, it is spoken only by 10% of the population. Afrikaans is the language of 60%, and German and some indigenous languages like Oshivambo, Herero and Nama are spoken.

Nigeria was a Crown Colony until 1960. English is official and spoken as a first language by about 50% of the population (that is 44,000,000 people). The other native languages are Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and Fulani.

Saint Helena is a dependent territory of the UK, English is the native language.

Seychelles gained independence in 1976. English, French and Creole are all official, and English is the first language of about the 2% of the population (2000 people).

Sierra Leone was a dependency of Britain until 1961. English is official, but regular use is limited to minority. Mende, Temne and Krio are native languages.

South Africa: The two main official languages are English and Afrikaans, plus other nine languages including Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. English is the first language of only 10% of the population: about 3,000,000 people.

Tristan da Cunha is a part of the UK as a dependency of Saint Helena.

Uganda has been independent from Britain since 1962. Besides English, Swahili is official, and several indigenous languages such as Luganda, Bantu and Nilotic languages are spoken.

Zambia was a colony of Britain until 1964. English is the official, but about 70 indigenous languages (Bantu) are spoken.

Zimbabwe gained independence from Britain in 1980. English therefore is official, and Bantu languages like Shona and Sindebele are native.