§ 2. Герундии I. Герундий в различных функциях

1. Герундий в функции обстоятельства всегда употребляется в сочетании с предлогом. Он может выступать в функции следующих обстоятельств:

1) времени, после предлогов on (upon), after, before, in. После предлогов before и in герундий переводится обычно на русский язык придаточным предложением; после on (upon) и after — дееприча­стием прошедшего времени.

In trying to devise ways to improve the machinery of the United Nations the Foreign Secretary displayed real ingenuity. Когда ми­нистр иностранных дел пытался придумать новые способы

25

улучшения аппарата ООН, он проявил подлинную изобретатель­ность. (Пытаясь придумать...)

After making this statement the minister said he was not going to reconsider his decision. Сделав это заявление, министр сказал, что он не собирается пересматривать свое решение.

Но могут быть и другие варианты перевода герундия в функции обстоятельства времени в зависимости от сочетаемости слов в рус­ском языке, например сочетанием предлога с существительным: after (on) arriving по прибытии, after checking после проверки.

2) сопутствующего обстоятельства, после предлогов besidesкроме того что, instead of вместо того чтобы, apart from не гово­ря уже, кроме, without без, без того чтобы В зависимости от пред­лога герундий переводится обычно на русский язык инфинитивомили придаточным предложением. С предлогом without герундийпереводится отрицательной формой деепричастия, сочетаниемпредлога без с существительным или без того, чтобы с личнойформой глагола.

Besides being extremely unpopular this policy may lead to a complete failure of all their efforts. He говоря уже о том, что эта политика не пользуется популярностью, она может привести к тому, что все их усилия окажутся напрасными.

3) обстоятельства образа действия, с предлогами in, by, with­out. После предлогов in и by герундий переводится или дееприча­стием, или сочетанием предлогов путем, при помощи и т. п. с суще­ствительным, или самостоятельным предложением; с предлогомwithout — отрицательной формой деепричастия или существитель­ным с предлогом без

It can be done by sending deputations to MPs. Это можно сде­лать, послав депутации к членам парламента.

Не admitted that he had made a mistake in not supporting this proposal earlier. Он признал, что допустил ошибку, не поддержав этого предложения раньше (тем, что не поддержал...).

4) обстоятельства условия, с составными предлогами in case of,in the event of в случае если, subject to при условии, without. С пред­логом without герундий переводится отрицательной формой дее-

26

причастия, сочетанием предлога без с существительным или слово­сочетанием без того чтобы и отрицательной формой инфинитива. В остальных случаях — обычно личной формой глагола или суще­ствительным.

They promised not to undertake any actions without consulting their partners Они обещали не предпринимать никаких действий, не проконсультировавшись (без консультации; без того чтобы не проконсультироваться) со своими партнерами

5) обстоятельства причины, с составными предлогами owing to из-за, вследствие, for fear of из опасения и др.; переводится личной формой глагола, существительным или деепричастием.

Не did not dare to make public announcements about this plan for fear of being criticized Он не осмелился открыто объявлять об этом плане из опасения, что его подвергнут критике (опасаясь, как бы его не подвергли...).

Примечание. В сочетании с предлогом without герундий может вы­ступать в функции обстоятельства условия, образа действия и сопутствую­щего обстоятельства. Функция его определяется контекстом предложения.

Their policy is based upon the conviction that they cannot possibly win without smashing by military force the resistance.of the nationalistic move­ment Их политика основывается на твердом убеждении, что они не смо­гут победить, не сломив (если они не сломят) военной силой сопротив­ления националистического движения (обстоятельство условия)

They can organize their work without being interfered with and controlled by big business. Они могут организовать свою работу без вмешательства и контроля со стороны крупного бизнеса (без того, чтобы крупный биз­нес вмешивался в нее и осуществлял над ней контроль) (обстоятельство образа действия)

On the opening day a new president was elected without anyone objecting В день открытия без каких-либо возражений (единогласно) был избран новый председатель (сопутствующее обстоятельство)

2. Герундий в функции определения обычно следует за пред­логом of и переводится инфинитивом или существительным.

Since he became Britain's Foreign Secretary, he has been insisting on the importance of negotiating on limited practical questions. С тех пор как он стал министром иностранных дел Англии, он все время на-

27

стаивает на необходимости ведения переговоров по ограниченному кругу практических вопросов.

Иногда герундий встречается в сочетании с предлогом for, часто с указанием на назначение предмета, что сближает его с обстоятель­ством цели.

At that time he intends to seek ways for improving cooperation with France. В это время он намеревается искать пути для улучшения (расширения, чтобы улучшить) сотрудничества с Францией.

3. В функции дополнения (предложного и беспредложного) ксуществительному, прилагательному и глаголу. В функции пред­ложного дополнения герундий сочетается с очень большим количе­ством предлогов и, так же как и в функции беспредложного допол­нения, в зависимости от его лексического значения и от сочетаемо­сти слов в русском языке, переводится инфинитивом, существительнымили придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что...

They succeeded in removing all the obstacles. Им удалось устра­нить все препятствия.

This curious episode merits being inserted in a survey of the activities of the Security Council during that period. Этот любопыт­ный эпизод заслуживает того, чтобы его включили в обзор дея­тельности Совета Безопасности за этот период.

4. В функции подлежащего, предикативного члена и частисоставного сказуемого. В этих функциях герундий, как правило,переводится существительным или инфинитивом.

Solving Britain's economic difficulties, said the Prime Minister, is a question not so much of political doctrine as of practical judgement. Разрешение экономических трудностей Англии, сказал премьер-министр, это вопрос не столько политической доктрины, сколько практической целесообразности.

If the Minister wants to avert a dock strike he had better stop attacking the dockers and start twisting the arms of the mean and stubborn employers. Если министр хочет избежать забастовки до­керов, ему лучше прекратить нападки (наступление) на докеров и начать оказывать серьезный нажим на эгоистичных и упрямых предпринимателей.

Примечание. 1. Сочетание there is no с герундием в функции подле­жащего переводится на русский язык неопределенно-личным предложением.

28

There is no denying that danger may be averted by this move. Нельзя от­рицать, что этим шагом можно избежать опасности.

2. После выражения far from герундий переводится следующим обра­зом: не только не... (+ личная форма глагола), но...; вместо того чтобы(+ инфинитив)...; отнюдь не (+ деепричастие)...

Far from averting this threat, this surrender will only bring about still tougher action later. Отнюдь не устраняя самой угрозы, эта капитуляция приведет в будущем к еще более жестким мерам.

Far from being a triumph, it was the most ignominious surrender in modern diplomacy. Это не только не было триумфом, но было самой по­зорной капитуляцией за всю историю современной дипломатии.

3. Простые формы герундия в различных функциях могут пере­водиться на русский язык существительным с предлогом, инфини­тивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ пе­ревода зависит не столько от той или иной функции герундия,сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в рус­ском языке.

Пассивная и перфектная формы герундия переводятся почти все­гда придаточным предложением.

They made their decision after being told of the terms contained in a joint union-management statement. Они приняли решение после того, как им сообщили об условиях, содержащихся в совместном заявлении, подписанном профсоюзом и администрацией.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Before embarking on projects like DMU (a defence and militaryunion), the European Union's big job is to bring in new members fromthe East. That will mean, among other things, more majority voting in thecouncil.

2. A spokesman for the British Foreign Office said the meeting«provided useful opportunity for consultations» before departing fortrips abroad.

3. The Belgian Prime Minister offered his resignation to the King inBrussels yesterday after failing to reconcile a cabinet split over tough neweconomic measures.

The resignation followed a cabinet meeting at which the Premier again failed to gain agreement from his partners.

29

4. After spending most of the post-war era close to the nest, Europeanwomen — and especially mothers — are taking jobs in record numbers.

5. On arriving at London Airport from the UN Security Councilmeeting, the Foreign Secretary said that he thought a practical and effec­tive resolution would emerge as a result of his talks with African Com­monwealth delegates.

6. The national governments will have to stop behaving like pigs at atrough, not just in haggling over cash but also informing and guiding theEU Commission itself.

7. The President's « kitchen cabinet» of wealthy advisers, which gavehim his start in politics and has played a crucial role in shaping his ad­ministration, has disbanded after a controversy over fund raising.

8. In regulating family relations and sexual morality, political democ­racies may adopt restrictive or permissive policies regarding divorce, abortion, and pornography.

9. He insisted that France was as interested as anyone in bringing thebudget and agricultural spending in the EU under control.

10. Ms. Dunn, has long been seen as one of the Republicans' besthopes for broadening their appeal to women, and that is one of the argue­ments she makes in campaigning to be the majority leader.

11. The US President is able to increase support for his policy by ex­plaining it energetically.

12. The constitution [of France] qualifies many of the president'spowers by stipulating that the government should «determine and con­duct national policy» and by making the prime minister «responsible fornational defence».

13. By failing to agree upon any substantial reform of the Commonagricultural policy (CAP), the heads of government have guaranteed thatlittle progress will be made in any world trade talks. They have also madeit unlikely that they will keep their own promise of capping spending atthe current level in real terms.

14. By putting off the party elections, the Prime Minister will effec­tively prevent dissidents in the party from mounting an internal challengeto him before general elections.

15. Only by bringing tough measures to control spending, includingthe runaway cost of farm subsidies, can the EU hope to create the condi­tions to accept members from Eastern and Central Europe.

16. The IMF keeps itself in business by winkling money out of richnations such as the US and handling it out to poorer brethren, who usu­ally are poor because of gross economic mismanagement.

30

17. The opposition Labor Party accused the ruling Israeli governmentof abusing the state broadcasting authority by masking party propagandaon television as an emergency government announcement.

18. By not losing sight of the long-term objectives they made them­selves masters and not servants or victims of economic forces operatingin the world.

19. The first lesson, surely, is that the successive Governments addedgreatly to the public anxiety by declining for so long to give reasonableinformation to Parliament and the people.

20. There is still time to let every new MP know what the British peo­ple want. It can be done by sending resolutions from trade unions andother organizations, and by sending deputations to MPs.

21. They expect that the Prime Minister will try to suppress criticismby pleading that matters are at a delicate stage.

22. « Time» journalism began by being deeply interested in people, asindividuals who were making history. We tried to make our readers seeand hear and even smell these people as part of a better understanding of their ideas — or lack of them.

23. By agreeing to an Italian proposal that this question be turned overto a committee of U.N. member states for study, the United States lured anumber of wavering countries away from the Canadian position.

24. Meanwhile the people and their representatives did what they weretold without even the privilege of being informed of the decisions takenby their leaders.

25. European fund-management companies are obsessed with growingtheir asset bases by entering new markets or raising their profiles in oneswhere they already do business.

26. The Fed chairman's carefully worded comments about the stockmarket drew few questions from committee members. They were preoc­cupied with trying to get him to take sides in the looming battle betweenthe President and Congressional Republicans over Social Security, thefederal budget surplus and tax cuts.

27. Out west, where a motorist may travel 100 miles without seeinganother car, nine states will immediately jump to at least 70 mph.

28. A new anti-monopoly law could bring more competition to a fewindustries. Similar efforts would help curb the conglomerates withoutcreating new government-sponsored outfits to replace them.

29. The United States, seeking to ease the plight of the Cuban peoplewithout strengthening its government, will allow a greatly expanded flowof cash donations to Cuba, authorize food sales and permit easier travel tothe Carribean island, the US President announced Tuesday.

31

30. «The three-point program, instead of preventing decentralizationof Canada, instead of being a means of uniting the country was dividing it.»

31. Instead of being changed the traditional strategy was merely reas­serted and put into operation at the end of the war under the famous andaccurate phrase about« negotiation from strength».

32. The US special envoy was scheduled to complete his fourth at­tempt at mediating the eight-month border conflict between Eritrea andEthiopia Monday and then return directly to the US.

33. The International Monetary Fund warned that improving econo­mies might tempt Asian countries to put off reforms aimed at strength­ening their banks and trimming corporate debt, leaving them open tomore shocks.

34. Europe's spirit, Cardinal Martini fears, is in danger of being un­dermined by affluence and egoistical materialism.

35. There is no better time to perform the politically awkward feat ofraising taxes than when oil prices are low and the money can be quicklyhanded back in lower taxes elsewhere.

36. The European Commission's life was cut short by an investiga­tor's report accusing it of tolerating fraud, mismanagement or nepotism.

37. The report stopped short of identifying individuals responsible forvarious massacres.

38. The president (of the USA) called expanding the western allianceone way of giving other nations «incentive to deepen their democracy».

39. Television, meanwhile, has become a major means of solidifyingpower and creating — or controlling — national unity in the country.

40. Greek and Turkish Cypriots appear fundamentally ambivalentabout finding a formula for coexistence. They are accustomed to the ten­sions and conveniences of living apart

41. The conference was supposed to end its work next month, but theUnited States made that impossible. The U.S. administration insists onreviewing all the decisions taken so far.

42. A Senate labor subcommittee is discussing a measure to permitfirms with U. S. contracts to avoid paying overtime for 10-hour, four-daywork weeks.

43. The American press did not cover «reports, speeches or resolu­tions on UNESCO's basic activities» such as fighting illiteracy, develop­ing alternate energy sources and sponsoring research in food production,the study said.

44. Fisheries ministers failed to meet a year-end deadline on formu­lating the policy after a Franco-British dispute erupted over France's de­mands for access rights for its trawlers up to the British coast.

32

45. The new leaders in Washington «appear to be bent not on rectify­ing but on multiplying the errors of the previous administration, facilitat­ing not a lessening of international tension but its growth».

46. Even in specialized fields such as diplomacy and trade, Americans'ability to deal with foreigners in their own tongues lags enormously be­hind the mushrooming growth of countries that are insisting on communi­cating in their own language. The globe may be getting smaller in termsof the time it takes to get around it, but its babel keeps expanding

47. In keeping with his anti-statist philosophy, Mr.Murdoch handsvery little of his profits to governments.

48. The government finds it difficult to strike the right compromise.Old-style nationalists in parliament are vocal in accusing it of selling thefamily silver cheap to greedy foreigners. But others charge it with merelytrying to make a quick buck from selling small chunks of its property,without any ideological commitment to privatisation as a good thing initself. (Egypt)

49. Oil companies are barred by agreement with the government frommaking any public statements of their revenues or the amount of oil theyare exporting.

50. The Home Secretary threatened yesterday to cut the budgets ofpolice forces that failed to meet his targets for recruiting black and Asianofficers.

51. The first prime minister of independent Zimbabwe received arousing welcome from the UN General Assembly as he thanked the inter­national body and the world for assisting the Zimbabwean people inachieving their political independence.

52. A National News Council study of U. S. newspaper coverage of aUNESCO conference in Belgrade criticized the press for concentratingon controversial proposals dealing with the media and ignoring stories onthe agency's deliberations on social and humanitarian issues.

53. European fund-management companies are obsessed with growingtheir asset bases by entering new markets.

54. Although no decision has been made, informed sources said that anumber of senior administration officials, including some in the WhiteHouse and Pentagon, are in favour of selling the jets and that there isstrong feeling among them that «it is important for the U.S. to maintainthe friendship of Taiwan».

55. The Germans have grown sharply more critical of the EU and itsinefficiency since they started noticing that their $ 12 billion net contri­bution to the budget was paying many of the bills.

2-553 33

56. There are countries who would be ready to sign agreements withthe developing nations for training some of their people over the nextfive, ten years.

57. It is nonsense for its supporters to claim that the present policy is asuccess. It has succeeded in increasing the number out of work, and inreducing production.

58. The report also wants to stop newspapers and broadcast from pub­lishing a public opinion poll on the likely result of a parliamentary elec­tion during the 72 hours before the poll closes.

59. Containment has been successful so far in keeping SaddamHussein from posing a military threat to neighboring countries. But ofcourse the policy has been successful only to an uncertain degree in de­nying him the means to build weapons of mass destruction, and it has notbeen successful at all in accomplishing the one policy goal that counts themost: his departure from power and his replacement by a government thatowes its authority to the Iraqi people.

60. Welfare benefits are now several times higher in generous states,such as Vermont, than they are in places like Wisconsin. Wisconsinianstake pride in shortening their welfare rolls and seeing those who werepreviously dependent doing a proper job.

61. Throwing a rope around Brazil's huge budget deficit — nowthought to be approaching 9% of national output — is the key to con­taining further currency erosion.

62. Avoiding a death sentence depends a lot on having a good lawyer.

63. The European Parliament is set to begin debating amendments tolegislation that would impose a 20% withholding tax on income fromsavings and certain bonds.

64. Far from doing anything to reduce the number of jobless, theGovernment is planning to throw more out of work with its rail and pitclosures.

65. Far from helping the low-paid the Prime Minister has hit themhardest of all.

66. By and large, Mr.Blair seems not merely to accept his economicinheritance, but to welcome it. Indeed, far from wanting to turn back theclock, Mr.Blair says that he wants to speed it up. «Modernization» is hismotto.

67. There are three main reasons why the markets are so bullish aboutstate banks. First, buying bank shares is the easiest way to profit from theoverall expansion of India's economy.

68. Yet the way men define their role has remained remarkably con­sistent. Surveys show that being a good provider is at the top of the list.

34

69. Talking is better than trading threats, something the two have doneall too frequently in recent months.

70. How splendid if European commission appointments depended onmerit and not on nationality. But spoils-sharing is so far the iron law ofinternational organisations.

71. Giving Taiwan's unofficial offices more access to officials, andperhaps allowing Taiwanese visa-free travel to Asian countries, would beseen as friendly gestures.

72. In the large-scale political democracy of nation state, or city, citi­zens participate in the political process in many ways other than throughvoting, but voting is the central act in influencing policy formation.

73. Concentrating resources in specialist hospitals is essential if healthcare is to be rationalised and savings made, according to the King's Fund,an independent research organization.

74. The TV viewers may not have votes in the Republican conference,but looking good on television sends a post-election message to their col­leagues that the time has come to pick leaders with a wider appeal to thepublic than Messrs Gingrich and Armey have ever had.

75. Government borrowing [in Ireland] was so badly out of control inthe ten previous years that public debt soared from 65% of national in­come to nearly 120% (exceeded in Europe only by Belgium). Today bor­rowing has fallen to almost nothing.

76. Privatising social spending [in Texas] could enrich big business atthe expense of widows and orphans. This argument would be more con­vincing if public sector employees were really so high-minded, and didnot often care more about keeping their own jobs than helping the poor.

II. Герундиальный комплекс

• Сочетание герундия с существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже, притяжательным местоимением, личным местоиме­нием в косвенном падеже или группой слов, которые являются субъектом действия, выраженного герундием, составляет единое це­лое и может выступать в качестве члена предложения в тех же функциях, что и герундий. Герундиальный комплекс переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, вводимым словами то, что.; тот факт, что. ; (с тем) чтобы...; после того как..., что... и др.

We look forward to much attention being given to this question. Мы рассчитываем на то, что этому вопросу будет уделено большое внимание.

35

Трудность, связанная с переводом герундиального комплекса, за­ключается главным образом в том, что если его субъект выражен существительным, то его можно принять за сочетание существи­тельного с причастием. Синтаксический анализ предложения, в ча­стности определение функции формы на -ing, и контекст предложе­ния позволяют точно установить, является ли данное слово герунди­ем или причастием.

When the conference of Foreign Ministers' deputies was subsequently held, the new formula was used by the Americans to prevent an agreed agenda being drawn up. Когда впоследствии со­стоялась конференция заместителей министров иностранных дел, эта новая формула использовалась американцами, чтобы поме­шать выработке согласованной повестки дня

Если считать, что being drawn up является причастием в функ­ции определения, то следовало бы перевести это следующим обра­зом: «...использовалась американцами, чтобы помешать согласован­ной повестке, которая в тот момент вырабатывалась», что явно лишено смысла.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Despite much angry and sometimes ignorant talk, about Japaneseburying their guilty secrets, there is a great deal of Japanese literature thatdeals honestly with the war.

2. The scandal has resulted in the local station chief of America's CIAgiving warning that America might stop sharing intelligence with SouthKorea.

3. The U.S. State Department faulted the Muslim fundamentalist fac­tion known as the Taleban for publicly beating women for not being ac­ companied by a close male relative.

4. Nominal sovereignty is no longer the valuable commodity it oncewas, and independence may actually lead to people having less controlover decisions that crucially affect them.

5. Foreign exchange analysts, despite all the fanfare and pep talkabout the United States reasserting its leading role as a bastion of freeenterprise, remain extremely skeptical that the dollar's strength can besustained without the support of high interest rates.

6. With consumer prices in the euro area only 1% higher than theywere a year ago, there is little risk of currency depreciation causing a dangerous surge in inflation.

36

7. The next bad step will be to say that the WTO's* test is wrong: in­stead of the importer having to prove that a product is dangerous, let theexporter show that it is safe.

8. The continued success of voluntary mass vaccination depends ongovernments providing accurate information about the risks and benefits.

9. The Europeans suspect the Americans of cheating on the deal byfunneling indirect subsidies to Boeing, in contravention of the agreement ,…,to limit subsidies to 30% of a project's cost.

10. The supremacy of EU law over national law is also implicit in thetreaties. Nor could the court's powers be repatriated by Britain or anyoneelse, without a country leaving the Union altogether.

11. The unions sought discussions with the company on supervisorygrade matters, about which no understanding agreement existed with theunions, and insisted on shop-floor employees being present during thesediscussions.

12. Those trade unionists who believed the propaganda about thefreeze benefiting the lower-paid workers got a shock just before Christ­mas, when agreements affecting farm workers and shop assistants werereferred to the Prices and Incomes Board.

13. France is the largest contributor to the offensive after the US andis fully committed to success. Yet at the same time politicians on both theleft and right are profoundly wary of France being so closely involved ina military venture that is US dominated and orchestrated through NATO.

14. But if this experiment fails then it is obvious that, far from therebeing an improvement in the standards of life of the British people, therewill be a steady diminution.

15. Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of thenation being used to the full.

16. The drift in the EU towards virtue should mean a better deal fortaxpayers, and a more efficient commission, even if the spectacle of theEuropean parliament seizing the high moral ground takes some gettingused to

17. America is still a place where most people react to seeing a man ina Ferrari by redoubling their own efforts to be able to afford one, ratherthan by trying to let down his tyres. Great wealth is generally seen as theby product of cool ideas being put into practice

18. It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who are cynical.That is a word which could be more accurately applied to a Minister who

WTO — Word Trade Organisation

37

says he is for prices being kept down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up.

19. It is the considered opinion of the Government and people of Indiathat to disturb the status quo must lead to the forces of disorder beingunleashed in the entire sub-continent.

20. The Prime Minister said there might not be any question of neona-zis or fascists getting power in Britain, but they could not be under­estimated. They should be attacked and isolated from the rest of thecommunity.

21. It is tiresome for outsiders to keep being called upon to put a lidon Cyprus. In any event, Russia had no justification for what it did in in­tervening for gratuitous, pseudo-historical nationalist purposes, in playingwith fire.

22. They gathered to discuss the injustices of foreign trade as they af­fect the chances of the poor countries ever becoming less poor.

23. Another important American statement shows that the militarychiefs object to any idea of each country having its own independent forcesand are opposed to the idea being discussed at an international forum.

24. A shadow minister is to challenge the government over reportsthat prescription charges may be increased next April. An oppositionfront bench spokesman in health said: «It is evidence of people being de­nied medicines on their doctors' advice by the price being charged, and isa tragic breach of the idea of the National Health Service.»

' 25. Harm comes not from people taking measures to control their lives and destinies, but from government and corporate policies which threaten all forms of life, and mock our potential for human creativity and nonco-ercive problem-solving.

26. One hundred and thirty recruits have also joined the party sinceOctober without any sort of recruiting campaign being needed.

27. What police described as «appalling» weather conditions pre­vented the two helicopters borrowed from the Army taking part in thesearch.

28. The whole system was nothing but an alarm system designed to gooff in case of raw materials being illegally removed or utilized.

29. One contributor to a debate on the Internet calls for Hong Kong tostop being treated as «a diplomatic football or a fin-de-siecle floor-show» .

30. The latest snapshot has forecasters raising their next year'sgrowth estimates yet again and ordinary Americans pondering some ofthe likely consequences of that strength such as higher interest rates and astronger dollar.

38