IV. To have

1. Глагол to have с последующим инфинитивом означает должен­ствование, вызванное силой обстоятельств, необходимостью. Нарусский язык, как правило, переводится: пришлось, придется, при­ходится, предстоит

The negotiations might fail. In that event the Government would have to decide what to do. Переговоры могут окончиться и неуда­чей. В таком случае правительству пришлось бы решать, что де­лать (предпринять).

The Government has promised to abolish the death penalty, al­though it has yet to win ratification of this pledge from the Parliament. Правительство обещало отменить смертную казнь, хотя ему еще предстоит добиться ратификации этого обещания в Парламенте.

2. Глагол to have с последующим сложным дополнением (имясущ/местоим. + неличная форма глагола или наречие) передает:

1) каузативность (побуждение или содействие осуществлению действия). На русский язык передается при помощи таких слов, как заставить, устроить, сделать так, чтобы, добиться того, чтобы, и другими лексическими средствами.

We had them beaten this time. На этот раз мы их одолели

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(содействовали их поражению /устроили так, чтобы они проигра­ли и т. п.). (В зависимости от контекста)

I would have you to know. Я хотел бы поставить вас в из­вестность..

They will have him back. Они заставят его вернуться

2) действие, совершенное по инициативе, побуждению лица, вы­раженного подлежащим.

The town council has had three houses built. Городской муници­палитет построил три дома.

3) действие, совершенное помимо (независимо от) воли или же­лания лица, выраженного подлежащим, и направленное на него.

We had a note handed to us. Нам вручили записку.

Перевод глагола to have представляет значительную трудность, так как в русском языке нет аналогичных грамматических средств для передачи этих значений. Кроме того, точное значение вытекает иногда из более широкого контекста. При переводе приходится пользоваться различными лексическими средствами, которые наи­более точно передают значение английского предложения.

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. If budgetary reforms are ever to be achieved, the EU leaders willhave to bind themselves to use qualified majority voting, not consensus,for such matters.

2. In the year ahead the Danish premier will have to tread a carefulline, both in terms of domestic policy and in airing the campaign to jointhe euro.

3. The probability that many more innocent people would also be exe­cuted would have to be weighed against the benefits of deterrence.

4. Among his many roles, the Spanish politician has to play theAmerican to Europeans, and the European to Americans.

5. The free trade purists contend that various industries have to sink orswim on their own and that providing relief through Japanese export re­straints would provide an umbrella for higher American automobileprices, which would hurt consumers and harm the battle against inflation.

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6. Motorists will have to prove they have scrapped their car in an envi­ronmentally friendly way to get an authorised Certificate of Destruction.

7. Most EU countries have yet to pass the domestic laws needed toimplement the directive, so it is difficult to say how it will work in practice.

8. « We see NATO as a bicycle that has to keep moving or else therider falls off, so there's a feeling that we need to be very forward-leaning,» an American official said.

9. Schooling (in Egypt) was never entirely free at the best of times: aparent had to pay a tiny entry fee, buy a school uniform, provide a bite offood. What is disastrous now is the need for private tutoring.

10. Unless the Bill passes through all its stages in the Commons andthe Lords before the session ends it will have to be started all over againin the new session in November.

11. The Chancellor of the Exchequer told Labour MPs on Tuesdaynight that public spending will have to be cut to avoid a «tough Budget»next year.

12. Most of the imported mobile phone sets operate on a wave-bandused by a number of authorized radio services in Britain and can causeserious interference. When they cause interference they have to be tracedand their owners are prosecuted.

13. United Nations economists warn that something drastic has to bedone, or developing countries will be forced to reduce their rate of socialand economic expansion.

14. In larger communities — nations, states, provinces and cities —there has to be a division of labour. Some persons have to make the im­portant political decisions for the whole society, and specially trainedadministrators and civil servants have to perform the tasks of manage­ment and administration for society as a whole.

15. Diplomats said Canada and other nations eager to have the dead­lock broken had been outmanoeuvred by the United States.

16. The big problem is the difference between the fastest and slowestvehicles on a stretch of highway. The safest thing safety researchers sug­gest, is to have everyone driving at roughly the same speed.

17. The committee gave overwhelming approval to a separate resolu­tion that would have the Assembly urge all states to take such separateand collective action as is open to them in conformity with the Charter.

18. Any other activities of the world organization will be financed bythe whole membership only by their unanimous and active support. Andeven in those rare cases it will be by having the Secretary-General solicitvoluntary contributions.

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19. Using language heard frequently in the past from Iraq and Russia,the French proposal said that this commission would have «its independ­ence ensured and its professionalism strengthened.»

20. If the speculative excesses of the last few years are finally wrungout of the market — and they always are, sooner or later — it will taketime for investors to regain the kind of confidence that has everyonedreaming of instant riches.

21. Few things are likelier to give free trade a bad name than to have itassociated with the foisting on consumers of potentially unsafe food.

22. In Piedmont, the regional government has been fighting an unsuc­cessful battle against the central government in Rome in an attempt tohave the Piedmonese dialect taught in schools.

23. A university student who wrote his graduation paper in Sardinianhad it turned down.