§ 6. Модальные и вспомогательные глаголы

I. Should

При переводе предложений с глаголом should трудность возни­кает из-за многообразия его значений в различных функциях.

1. В функции вспомогательного глагола should употребляется для образования будущего времени в прошедшем (обычно в при­даточных предложениях с 1-м лицом) и для образования форм

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сослагательного наклонения (should в сослагательном наклоне­нии (см. §5)).

2. В функции модального глагола should выражает долженство­вание в плане совета или пожелания и обычно переводится: следу­ет, следовало бы, нужно, не мешало бы , должен (бы) и т п

For the time being, until a greater European consciousness takes root, the preponderance of power in the EU should remain with the Council of Ministers. В течение какого-то времени, пока не укрепится общеевропейское самосознание, основные властные полномочия в ЕС должны оставаться у Совета министров.

3. В функции конъюнктива should + инфинитив употребляется:

1) для выражения оценки или эмоций (удивление, сожаление, по­дозрение, неодобрение). Употребляется в придаточных предложени­ях в функции подлежащего после сочетаний типа: It is strange that...; it is natural that...; it is vital that...; it is essential that...; it is impor­tant that...; it is surprising that...; it is advisable that..., it is high time that... и др.

Употребляется также в вопросительных предложениях с why, how и др

В этом случае на русский язык сочетание should с последующим инфинитивом переводится личной формой глагола в изъявительном наклонении настоящего или прошедшего времени (прошедшего в том случае, если за should следует перфектная форма инфинитива).

Так как в русском языке нет соответствующих грамматических форм, эта функция передается, где это вообще возможно, лексиче­ски.

It is a bit odd that the holder of NATO's top civilian post should have spent much of his early life as a semiclandestine socialist, cam­paigning to shut American military bases in his homeland and stop it joining NATO. Несколько странно, что высший гражданский ру­ководитель НАТО большую часть своей молодости был социали­стом, находившимся на полулегальном положении, и участвовал в кампаниях за закрытие американских военных баз в своей стране и против ее вступления в НАТО.

Примечание Should может также выражать предположение В этом случае переводится на русский язык словами должно быть, вероятно В газетном тексте в этом значении встречается довольно редко

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There should have been plenty of evidence around that a monetary policy alone cannot compensate for government indiscipline Должно быть (вероятно), есть масса свидетельств тому, что монетарная политика сама по себе не может компенсировать отсутствие дисциплины в системе управления

2. в придаточном подлежащем с глаголом-сказуемым типа: (it) isrecommended (suggested, proposed, demanded, requested, determined,arranged, advised, etc) that

3. в придаточном дополнительном после глаголов recommend,suggest, demand и т.п.

4. в придаточном предикативном, если подлежащим главногопредложения является существительное того же корня (т.е. recom­mendation, suggestion, demand и т.п.)

В случаях 2, 3, 4, предложения с should переводятся на русский язык сослагательным наклонением (частица бы + глагол в прошед­шем времени).

The report also suggests that Brussels should adopt more general European standards of practice in housing architecture rather than im­pose strict directives. В докладе также содержится предложение, чтобы Брюссель не навязывал строгие директивы, а принял бы более общие европейские стандарты в практике жилищного строительства.

Примечание. Как стилистический или американский вариант формы should + инфинитив употребляется форма, омонимичная инфинитиву без частицы to.

The UN Secretary General recommended that UN military observers leave Angola, saying the resumption of civil war made their presence useless Генеральный секретарь ООН рекомендовал, чтобы военные наблюдате­ли ООН покинули Анголу, отметив, что возобновление гражданской войны делает их присутствие бессмысленным

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Private providers of social services should be on formal contractswith the government, and accountable to it.

2. To outsiders of all stripes, it has long been evident that Cypriotsshould put aside their feud and create a federation that would amount todouble self-rule and single formal sovereignty.

3. But at least both sets of Cypriots, if they are not going to work seri-

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ously to resolve differences, should keep them below the threshold of disturbance to others.

4. The main parties accept that the Commons should continue to bethe superior House, but how far should the second Chamber be formallyrecognized as a check and balance?

5. The poll found 60 per cent of people thought the monarchy shouldbe modernised, while 49 per cent believed the Queen should relinquishher political role, including the right to dissolve parliament

6. The Act of Supremacy of 1559, which makes the monarch the headof the Church of England, should be repealed, the report suggests. A ref­erendum should decide whether or not the heir should succeed to thethrone.

7. The other problem is constitutional. Should minority nations becontent with some special status within the host country, or should theyseek separation?

8. «We in America need to think harder about the urgencies and pit­falls of intervening in a civil war over the government's protests and onthe rebels' side. If it sets a precedent, it should not set a rule,» — a USofficial said.

9. As for the European parliament, its role as scrutineer and bringer tobook should grow.

10. Trade unionists should not be taken in by the blood-curdlingshrieks from the boardrooms.

11. The deal, once ratified by both sides, should take effect at the endof the year.

12. The Council president added that the call should be backed by theofficial bodies of the labour and trade union movement supported bybroad democratic and community organizations.

13. He said that this was not a temporary problem. Lasting arrange­ments should be made.

14. It is important that the real situation should be examined becauseanything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in anindustry is bound to cause trouble.

15. This news sums up the impact of inflation and economic crisis,aggravated by policies pursued by successive governments, particularlythe present one.

It is odd, therefore, that the Chancellor should have chosen yesterday to tell an audience of French government business figures that Britain was «always a politically stable country.»

16. It was not without significance, he said, that people who were

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connected at that level with the situation should be expressing grave disquiet.

17. The Premier admitted yesterday that it was natural that peopleshould be disturbed at food being thrown away when millions of peoplewere undernourished.

18. It can hardly be fortuitous that the Minister should have taken theopportunity of the last meeting in Delhi to publicly summarize his plansfor the future of the three fighting services.

19. The voters are beginning, at last, to wonder whether it is right thatfarming should absorb almost half the EU's budget.

20. They insisted that the exact demands should be outlined so that theEuropean Union could be in no doubt about them.

21. It appears doubtful whether the formula will meet the Govern­ment's insistence that the UN sanctions should not lead to economic con­frontation with that country.

22 Three days later the Administration had served formal notice that it would insist that the General Assembly, on its opening day November 10, squarely face the decision of whether or not to invoke Article 19.

23. William Hague insisted that Tory peers reject the closed-listprovisions of the European elections Bill.

24. The paper also recommended that the eligibility age for retirementbenefits be raised gradually from 65 to 68 by the year 2012.

25. There should be considerable support for the demand that theMinister of Justice act to invalidate the outrageous court decisionordering two dedicated social workers to forfeit 300 bail suretiesfollowing the failure of a youth to appear in court on charge.

26. The report suggests that the monarch's role [in Britain] should bethat of head of state, but with « minimal connection with the executive,the legislature or the judiciary.»

27. A report published by one of the largest housing associationssuggests that architects and planners should cater more considerately forthe ethnic tenants who rent roughly 14 per cent of their homes.

28. Models of democracy that have been consructed on the basis ofliberal individualism have usually proposed that democracy be restrictedto political life, with politics being narrowly defined

29. Because of Russian and French opposition, the UN SecurityCouncil could not agree to a proposal from America and Britain that Iraqbe warned of « serious consequences» should it persist in thumbing itsnose.

30. «The moment requires that we be aware of our responsibility and

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be austere in balancing our accounts,» President of Brazil said during in­auguration of a Volkswagen AG plant in southern Brazil.

31. The majority of people, be they politicians, trade unionists or em­ployers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today ishow to break down the remaining barriers.

32. Mr. Gingrich, nobly taking responsibility for the Republicans'election disappointment, has resigned as speaker of the House of Repre­sentatives lest his presence be « an excuse for divisiveness and factional­ism.»