The Future of Rail
Opportunities for energy and the environment
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Combined with the Ceneri Base tunnel (15 kilometres), which will also be completed in 2020, time savings of 45 minutes per crossing will be achieved, while the consumed energy will decline (Federal Office of Transport, 2016b).
Figure 3.27 Number of transalpine crossings by heavy-duty road vehicles in Switzerland, 1994-2016
Page | 126
Million trips
1 600
1 400
1 200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Source: Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (2017).
Key message • The Swiss Alpine Initiative has succeeded in significantly reducing the number of heavy-duty truck transalpine crossings since 2001.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
Conclusions
The High Rail Scenario shows how relying on three pillars – minimising cost, maximising revenues and ensuring that all transport modes pay the full costs of the infrastructure they use and their societal and environmental impacts – can help to diversify transport energy sources, reduce oil dependence and curb rising emissions.
The benefits of the increased investments needed to realise the full potential of rail in urban and non-urban rail extend beyond the immediate energy and emissions savings. By mid-century, two-thirds of the global population will live in cities, many of which have yet to be built and will be conurbations with high population density. In these circumstances, metro and light rail are uniquely able to offer reliable networks with high passenger throughput. Using urban rail along the most highly congested corridors can reduce congestion as well as air and noise pollution. It can also augment economic activity and property values. Commuter and high-speed rail networks can bring similar benefits over longer distances, connecting major population centres to one another.
However, in addition to benefits that extend beyond energy and the environment, there are other considerations that must be weighed carefully in crafting and implementing transport policies. In cases where essential prerequisites that give advantages to rail are fulfilled, an increased reliance on rail can promote broader accessibility, improved safety and lower costs. But in other cases, such as for suburban or rural residents, rail investments must be weighed against more flexible and less frequent forms of motorised transport. One key to exploiting the advantages of rail will therefore be to recognise its limitations and the trade-offs between investments in rail versus other alternative forms of mobility.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved. |
The Future of Rail |
|
Opportunities for energy and the environment |
|
|
References
Agarwal, P. (2018), “Mass transit is a public good: Everyone —not just riders—should pay for it”, retrieved from: www.eco-business.com/opinion/mass-transit-is-a-public-good-everyonenot- just-ridersshould-pay-for-it/.
Börjesson, M. (2014), “Forecasting demand for high speed rail”, Transportation Research Part A, |
Page | 127 |
Vol. 70, issue C, pp. 81-92, doi: 10.1016/j.tra.2014.10.010. |
|
Climate Bonds Initiative (2017), Climate Bonds Standard, retrieved from: |
|
www.climatebonds.net/files/files/Climate%20Bonds%20Standard%20v2_1%20- |
|
%20January_2017.pdf. |
|
– (2018), Bonds and Climate Change: The State of the Market 2018, retrieved from: |
|
www.climatebonds.net/files/reports/cbi_sotm_2018_final_01k-web.pdf. |
|
Chen, Z. (2017), “Impacts of high-speed rail on domestic air transportation in China”, Journal of |
|
Transport Geography, Vol. 62, pp. 184-196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.04.002. |
|
Commissariat Général au Développement Durable (2016), Etudes & documents: Vingt-cinq |
|
années de transport intérieur de voyageurs (Research and documentation: 25 Years of |
|
domestic passenger transport), retrieved from: www.statistiques.developpement- |
|
durable.gouv.fr/fileadmin/documents/Produits_editoriaux/Publications/Etudes_et_docume |
|
nts/2016/ed148-transport-interieur-voyageurs-mai-2016.pdf. |
|
Durkan, J., J. Durkan and A. Reynolds. (2000), “Comparison of subvention levels for public |
|
transport systems in European cities”, Open Access Publications 10197/124, School of |
|
Economics, University College Dublin. |
|
EMTA (European Metropolitan Transport Authorities) (2010), Comparative Study of the Public |
|
Transport Financing and of the Fare Policy in Different Metropolitan Areas of Europe, |
|
retrieved from: www.emta.com/spip.php?page=contact-us. |
|
European Commission (2011), Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a |
|
Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System, retrieved from: www.eur- |
|
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0144&from=EN. |
|
Federal Customs Administration (Switzerland) (2018), “HVC - General/Rates”, retrieved from: |
|
www.ezv.admin.ch/ezv/en/home/information-companies/transport--travel-documents-- |
|
road-taxes/heavy-vehicle-charges--performance-related-and-lump-sum-/hvc---general--- |
|
rates.html. |
|
Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (Switzerland) |
|
(2017), “Rapport sur le transfert du traffic” [report on transport shifts], retrieved from: |
|
www.uvek.admin.ch/uvek/fr/home/transports/transfert-du-trafic.html. |
|
Federal Office of Transport (Switzerland) (2016a), Swiss Transport Policy, retrieved from: |
|
www.bav.admin.ch/dam/bav/en/dokumente/themen/neat/BAV_PM_Verkehrspolitik_2016_ |
|
ENG_WEB.pdf.download.pdf/BAV_PM_Verkehrspolitik_2016_ENG_WEB.pdf. |
|
– (2016b), The New Rail Link through the Alps, retrieved from: |
|
www.bav.admin.ch/dam/bav/en/dokumente/themen/neat/BAV_PM_Alpentransversale_20 |
|
16_ENG_WEB.pdf.download.pdf/BAV_PM_Alpentransversale_2016_ENG_WEB.pdf. |
|
Givoni, M. (2013), “A review of ex-post evidence for mode substitution and induced demand |
|
following the introduction of high-speed rail”, Transport Reviews, Vol. 33, pp. 720-742, |
|
https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2013.853707. |
|
Page | 128
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The Future of Rail |
IEA 2019. All rights reserved. |
Opportunities for energy and the environment
Havenga, H. (2012), “Rail renaissance based on strategic marketing principles”, Southern African Business Review, Vol. 16(1), pp. 1-21.
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) (2013), Assembly Resolutions in Force, retrieved from: www.icao.int/Meetings/GLADs-2015/Documents/A38-18.pdf.
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2018), Mobility Model, www.iea.org/etp/etpmodel/transport/.
–(2017), The Future of Trucks: Implications for Energy and the Environment, IEA/OECD, Paris.
–(2002), Bus Systems for the Future: Achieving Sustainable Transport Worldwide, IEA/OECD, Paris.
Intermodal Association of North America (2018), Why Intermodal?, retrieved from: www.intermodal.org.
International Capital Market Association (2018), Green Bond Principles (GBP), retrieved from: www.icmagroup.org/green-social-and-sustainability-bonds/green-bond-principles-gbp/.
International Road Federation (2012), Word Road Statistics, https://worldroadstatistics.org/.
Jiang, C., and A. Zhang (2014), “Effects of high-speed rail and airline cooperation under hub airport capacity constraint”, Transportation Research Part B, Vol. 60, pp. 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2013.12.002.
LTA (Land Transport Authority) (2015), Transit Leadership Summit 2012-2014, www.transitleadership.org/docs/Transit-Leadership-Summit-2012-2014.pdf.
– (2011), “Comparison of public transport operations”, retrieved from: www.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/J11Nov-p71ComparisonofPublicTransportRevised.pdf.
OAG (Official Airline Guide) (2018), Origin-Destination of Commercial Flights (database), retrieved from: www.oag.com/analytics/traffic-analyser.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2017), OECD Data, Infrastructure Investments, retrieved from: https://data.oecd.org/transport/infrastructureinvestment.htm.
– (2000), Integrating Transport in the City: Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions, retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264180895-en.
Padukone, N. (2013), “The Unique Genius of Hong Kong's Public Transportation System”, The Atlantic, www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/the-unique-genius-of-hong-kongs- public-transportation-system/279528/.
PFNYC (Partnership for New York City) (2013), “Growth or Gridlock? – The economic case for traffic release and transit improvement for a greater New York”, LSE Cities, retrieved from: www.files.lsecities.net/files/2014/11/LSE-Cities-2014-Transport-and-Urban-Form-NCE-Cities- Paper-03.pdf.
Rode et al. (2014), “Accessibility in cities: Transport and urban form”, LSE Cities, retrieved from: https://files.lsecities.net/files/2014/11/LSE-Cities-2014-Transport-and-Urban-Form-NCE- Cities-Paper-03.pdf.
Sharma, R. and P. Newman (2017), “Urban rail and sustainable development - Key lessons from Hong Kong, New York, London and India for emerging cities”, Transport Research Procedia, pp. 92-105.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
The Future of Rail
Opportunities for energy and the environment
Simpson, Z., Havenga, J. and B. Aritua (2016), “Freight-flow modelling and macro logistics - customising the Southern African model for application in India”, 21st Annual Logistics Research Network, University of Hull, United Kingdom.
Sperlich, R. (2018), “Rail Transport in Switzerland”, retrieved from: |
|
www.iea.org/media/workshops/2018/ieauicglobalrailandenergyworkshop/24septpresentati |
|
onsrailworkshop/1.3RudolfSperlich.pdf. |
Page | 129 |
TLS (Transit Leadership Summit) (2015), Transit Leadership Summit, 2012-2014, Transit |
|
Leadership Summit, retrieved from: https://transitleadership.org/docs/Transit-Leadership- |
|
Summit-2012-2014.pdf. |
|
UIC (International Union of Railways) (2018), High Speed Rail: Fast Track to Sustainable |
|
Mobility, UIC, Paris. |
|
– (2014), UIC Low-Carbon Rail Transport Challenge, retrieved from: www.uic.org/cooperation- |
|
with-the-united-nations#UIC-Low-Carbon-Rail-Transport-Challenge. |
|
UITP (International Union of Public Transport) (2018a), Metro Greenfield Projects 2018-22 |
|
Database. |
|
–(2018b), LRT Greenfield Projects 2018-21 (Database).
–(2014), Public Transport Sector Demonstrates Will to Act on Climate Change at New York Summit, retrieved from: www.slocat.net/sites/default/files/u13/pr_public_transport_demonstrates_will_to_act_on_ climate_change.pdf.
Verhoef,T. , Nijkamp, P. and P. Rietveld (1995), “Second-best regulation of road transport externalities”, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 29(2), pp. 147-167.
Xia, W. (2016), “High-speed rail and air transport competition and cooperation: A vertical differentiation approach”, Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 94, Issue C., 456-481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2016.10.006.
Yang et al. (2018), “The effect of subway expansions on vehicle congestion: Evidence from Beijing”, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 88, pp. 114-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.09.007.
Yang, Y., Zhang, P. and S. Ni (2014), “Assessment of the impacts of urban rail transit on metropolitan regions using system dynamics model”, Transportation Research Procedia, Vol. 4, pp. 521-534, doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2014.11.040.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.
IEA 2019. All rights reserved.