- •Передмова
- •Lesson 1
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations:
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Chemical engineering and chemistry
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •Choose the correct continuation to complete the following statements:
- •7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Objective and Subjective Infinitive Constructions:
- •8. Pick up the key words from the text “Chemical engineering and chemistry”. Make up your own sentences with them.
- •9. Write an abstract to the text “Chemical engineering and chemistry”.
- •10. Get ready for presenting the topic “Chemical engineering and chemistry” at the conference ”Innovations in Science and Engineering” based on questions of Task 4. Lesson 2
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Unit operations in chemical engineering
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •6. Fill in the gaps using the terms denoting unit operations from the table below:
- •7. Match the columns to make up word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •8. Translate into English using a technical dictionary:
- •9. Pick up the key words from the text “Unit operations in chemical engineering”. Make up your own sentences with them.
- •10. Write an abstract to the text “Unit operations in chemical engineering”.
- •11. Get ready for presenting the topic “Unit operations in chemical engineering” at the conference ”Innovations in Science and Engineering” based on the following questions of Task 4. Lesson 3
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations:
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian:
- •Industrial dryers
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •7. Point out the sentences containing information directly from the text:
- •8. Point out the word combinations with Participial constructions. Define the type of the Participle.
- •8. Pick up the key words from the text “Industrial dryers”. Make up your own sentences with them.
- •9. Write an abstract to the text “Industrial dryers”.
- •10. Get ready for presenting the topic “Industrial dryers” at the conference ”Innovations in Science and Engineering” based on the following questions of Task 4. Lesson 4
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Filtration and filters
- •3. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •6. Change the following sentences according to the model.
- •Lesson 5
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Centrifuges
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Change the following sentences according to the model:
- •6. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the word “since”:
- •7. Say if the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false
- •8. Choose the correct continuation to complete the following statements:
- •Lesson 6
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Mixing and blending
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text and translate these word combinations into Ukrainian:
- •6. Choose the correct grammar form for each sentence:
- •6. Say if the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false explain why:
- •Lesson 7
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations:
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian: Heat exchangers
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Choose the correct continuation to complete the following statements:
- •7. Which of the following sentences from the text contain the Passive Voice forms? Explain how you define these forms.
- •6. Say if the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false explain why:
- •Lesson 8
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations:
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian: Crushers
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Match the words to make up possible word combinations:
- •6. Try to put these words in the right order and make a sentence:
- •7. Say if the statement is true or false. If the statement is false give the correct answer:
- •8. Read the following text. Retell it to a partner:
- •9. Open the brackets choosing the correct form of the Participles. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Lesson 9
- •2. Read and memorize the following word combinations:
- •3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Grinders
- •4. Answer the questions to the text:
- •5. Say if the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false
- •6. Сhoose the correct item to complete the following statements:
- •5. Match the words to make up possible word combinations and translate them into Ukrainian:
- •7. Find out the sentences containing gerundial constructions and define the function of Gerund:
- •Lesson 10
- •Reading strategies
- •Writing abstracts
- •Особливості перекладу науково-технічного тексту
Lesson 5
1. Read and memorize the following words:
|
immiscible |
незмішуваний, розшарований |
|
tangentially |
побічно, побіжно |
|
vortex |
вир, вихровий потік |
|
induce |
сприяти, призводити до … |
|
regardless of |
незалежно від … |
|
outwardly |
зовні |
|
inwardly |
всередині |
|
spinner |
обертач |
|
impel |
приводити в рух |
|
permeability |
проникність, прохідність |
|
ratio |
співвідношення, пропорція |
|
adjustment |
настройка |
|
capability |
робоча потужність |
|
option |
вибір, варіант вибору |
|
micron |
мікрометр, мікрон |
|
footprint |
площа, ділянка |
2. Read and memorize the following word combinations
|
centripetal acceleration |
доцентрове прискорення |
|
stationary casing |
нерухомий корпус |
|
tensile stress |
навантаження на розтягнення |
|
fine screen |
сито з дрібними отворами |
|
batch centrifuge |
центрифуга періодичної дії, імпульсна центрифуга |
|
continuous centrifuge |
центрифуга неперервної дії |
|
compressible solids |
стисливі тверді речовини |
|
the amount of liquid adhering to the solids |
кількість рідини, що міститься у твердих речовинах (після центрифугування) |
|
residual impurities |
залишкові домішки, залишкове забруднення |
|
sedimentation techniques |
методи седиментації, осадження |
|
vapour tight processing system |
паронепроникна технологічна установка |
3. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian. Centrifuges
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment, generally driven by a motor that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying force perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density.
The first successful centrifuge was built in 1883 by Carl G. P. de Laval, a Swedish engineer, whose design was used chiefly for cream separators. The ultracentrifuge, devised in the 1920s by the Swedish chemist Theodor Svedberg, found wide application in scientific research.
A mechanical method of separating immiscible liquids or solids from liquids by the application of centrifugal force. This force can be very great, and separations which proceed slowly by gravity can be speeded up enormously in centrifugal equipment.
Centrifugal force is generated inside stationary equipment by introducing a high-velocity fluid stream tangentially into a cylindrical-conical chamber, forming a vortex of considerable intensity.
Much higher centrifugal forces than in stationary equipment are generated in rotating equipment (mechanically driven bowls or baskets, usually of metal, turning inside a stationary casing). Rotating a cylinder at high speed induces a considerable tensile stress in the cylinder wall. This limits the centrifugal force which can be generated in a unit of a given size and material of construction. Very high forces, therefore, can be developed only in very small centrifuges.
There are two major types of centrifuges: sedimenters and filters. A sedimenting centrifuge contains a solid-wall cylinder or cone rotating about a horizontal or vertical axis. An annular layer of liquid, of fixed thickness, is held against the wall by centrifugal force; because this force is so large compared with that of gravity, the liquid surface is essentially parallel with the axis of rotation regardless of the orientation of the unit. Heavy phases “sink” outwardly from the centre, and less dense phases “rise” inwardly. Heavy solid particles collect on the wall and must be periodically or continuously removed.
A filtering centrifuge operates on the same principle as the spinner in a household washing machine. The basket wall is perforated and lined with a filter medium such as a cloth or a fine screen; liquid passes through the wall, impelled by centrifugal force, leaving behind a cake of solids on the filter medium. The filtration rate increases with the centrifugal force and with the permeability of the solid cake. Some compressible solids do not filter well in a centrifuge because the particles deform under centrifugal force and the permeability of the cake is greatly reduced. The amount of liquid adhering to the solids after they have been spun also depends on the centrifugal force applied; in general, it is substantially less than in the cake from other types of filtration devices.
There are many different kinds of centrifuges, including those for very specialised purposes. The decision to use either a batch or a continuous machine depends on several factors. Unlike batch centrifuges, continuous machines are limited to a wash/solids ratio of approximately 10%, with only a short period allocated to the wash zone prior to the finish of the cycle.
If, for example, the material to be processed has low residual impurities and a high washing requirement, the greater flexibility of the batch process allows the necessary adjustments such as extended washes and longer residence times.
Particle size, distribution and shape are also important factors when determining separation capabilities, and whether a batch or continuous centrifuge is the best option. Generally speaking, materials of 45 microns and above that are relatively incompressible are highly suitable for separation by filtration. On the other hand, finer or more compressible materials lend themselves to separation by sedimentation techniques.
Compared with other methods of liquid-solid separation, centrifugal processing provides a number of unique advantages. For example, centrifuges can be installed in a relatively small footprint, have a high washing capability, produce low cake moisture, achieve a high capacity throughput and provide the end user with a totally enclosed, vapour tight processing system.