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3. What forms of participles do we use in the negative meaning?

 If participle I is used in the function of adverbial modifier of cause,

we’ll have the following negative form of the participle:

Not having opened a deposit account a customer can’t earn any interest.

(= as he didn’t open a deposit account )

Не открыв депозитный счет, клиент не может получать проценты.

 In the function of adverbial modifier of manner we should use Gerund

in the negative meaning.

He left the room without saying a word to anybody.

Он вышел из комнаты, не сказав никому ни слова.

Exercise 3

Choose “not” or “without” in the given sentences. Define the function of the participles in the sentences.

Model: Without / not having a signature on the payment order we

couldn’t execute payment.

  1. Not / without knowing all the details, he couldn’t consult her.

  2. Not / without making an exceptionally high profit you won’t be criticised.

  3. Not/ without being guilty he didn’t feel his fault.

  4. Not / without having been instructed by the manager of the firm, they insisted on the reduction of the financial backing of the company.

  5. You won’t manage to strike a balance not / without participating in the bank’s money policy committee.

  6. Depository institutions can’t work not / without offering their customers the opportunity to pay recurring bills by telephone.

  7. John sat not / without speaking to anybody and looked very worried.

  8. The annual simple interest states how much money the bank will pay on a deposit at the end of one year not / without compounding.

  9. Not / without having their own lorries they couldn’t keep the budget.

  10. Not / without having placed the order with the firm, they won’t receive a quotation to supply office furniture.

  11. Not / without having a capacity to produce the order, they refused to take it in addition to the budgeted turnover.

  12. It’s natural that Coburn will be reluctant to ship $400,000 worth of gears not / without first having some assurance they will get paid.

4. When do we use the perfect participle passive?

having been + past part

It is used when it is necessary to emphasise that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb:

Having been warned about an important visitor the manager didn`t leave the office for the whole day.

Так как управляющего предупре-дили относительно важного посетителя, он весь день не покидал офис.

Exercise 4

A

Change the Infinitive in brackets for Participle I or Participle II (passive). Translate the sentences into Russian.

Model: That was the best advice (to give) by him.

That was the best advice given by him.

He was very kind (to give) advice to me.

He was very kind giving advice to me.

  1. Accounts not (to pay) in time are called overdue accounts.

  2. I helped him in handling problems (to create) by other departments.

  3. Late at night he received an e-mail (to ask) him to come home at once.

  4. I saw at once he had a heart attack (to come on).

  5. I could hear voices of the kids (to wait for) the bell to ring.

  6. They required an irrevocable letter of credit (to confirm) on a London bank.

  7. (To be) a master craftsman of the old school, Bob Hardiman could produce a magnificent piece of furniture.

  8. The Rules of Association (to draw up) by Harper & H.G.`s father state that the qualification holding is only two shares.

  9. The (to remain) two hundred and fifty shares were bought, as Hector Grant feared they would be, by Alfred Wentworth.

  10. Peter Wiles wants the Sales Manager John Martin on the Board (to feel) that the Board is already rather over-weighted with members like Hector Grant and William Buckhurst.

B

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