Vocabulary Notes

is closely connected – szorosan összefügg

the taking-away – kivonás

how much less – mennyivel kevesebb

how many more miles – hány mérfölddel több

minuend – kisebbítendő

subtrahend – kivonandó

remainder – maradék

difference – különbség

in order to – azért hogy

Exercises

I. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What process is called addition?

2. What kind of process is subtraction?

3. How many problems can subtraction solve?

4. What types of problems can subtraction solve?

5. What is the number from which the subtraction is made called?

6. What is the subtraction sign?

7. What is the number taken away called?

8. What is the answer called?

II. Give the Ukrainian for the following words and word combinations. Use them in sentences or questions of your own:

the taking-away, remainder, minuend, subtrahend, the minus sign, how much less, how many more (days), can be put in two other ways

Lesson 4 multiplication

If a certain number is written down four times and the four equal numbers are added, the sum is said to be four times that number. The original number is said to be multiplied by 4 and the result is called the product of that number and 4.

Multiplication is a kind of adding used when the numbers or quantities to be added are all the same. When we put together two or more numbers or groups of things to find how much they make up, we are using addition. When, however, the numbers or groups are all the same we can find their total by multiplying instead of adding.

In any multiplication the number which is multiplied is called the multiplicand; the number by which it is multiplied is called the multiplier. The multiplicand and the multiplier are also called factors. The result is called the product.

The multiplication sign is × and 4 × 6 is read as 4 times 6.

If any partial product consists of two figures, the right hand figure is written down and the other carried over and added to the next separate product as in adding columns. For example, to multiply 4137 by 5: beginning at the right, 5 × 7 = 35; put down the 5 and carry over the 3 to the next product, 5 × 3 = 15, giving 18 when added. Write the 8 before the previously written 5, giving 85, carry over the 1 to the next product, 5 × 1 = 5, giving 6, and write this 6 before the previous 85, giving 685, The final product is 5 × 4 = 20, and when this is written before the 685, the complete product 20685 is obtained. Therefore, 5 × 4137 = 20685. The complete operation is written as follows, the multiplier being written under the last figure of the multiplicand, the last figure of each separate product being written under the corresponding figure of the multiplicand, and each separate product being written at the side as in addition, for a check if desired.

_×4137 (multiplicand)

___5 (multiplier)

20685 (product)

If the multiplier contains more than one figure the multiplicand is multiplied by each of those figures in turn, beginning at the right, and each multiplication being carried out as just described for the one-figure multiplier. The successive products are written one below the other, each beginning one space farther to the left than the preceding, and several products are then added.

To be able to multiply we must know the Multiplication Table.