10. Find and translate the sentences in which ''one'' is used as a substitution word.

1. The opportunity to meet a frequent word in a text is much greater than a rare one.

2. All buildings can be of two different forms of structure, the first one is the open-space type, the second one is the "box" type of structure.

3. The postwar year represented one of the hardest stages in history of Soviet building.

4. After having built this cinema we started a new one.

5. This method appears to be a good one.

6. This hotel is more beautiful. That one is less beautiful.

7. One thousand large enterprises were built in the countries of Africa.

11. Compare the following pairs of sentences given in Active and Passive Voice and translate them into Russian.

1. The group of architects developed this area. This area was developed by the group of architects.

2. Builders carried out the assembly work. The assembly work was carried out by builders.

3. The workers erected multi-storeyed blocks of flat. Multi-storeyed blocks of flat were erected by the workers.

4. The beam spans the open space. The open space is spanned with the beam.

5. The architect uses the open space type of structure for this building. The open space type of structure is used for this building.

12. Use the predicates of this sentences in Passive Voice and translate them.

Model: The company built this plant last year.

This plant was built by the company last year.

1. Industrial plants produce the equipment for building industry.

2. The workers will build the hotel in the nearest future.

3. The architect uses the large area between columns.

4. Students occupy two hostel blocks.

5. Builders provide the better dwelling.

6. They make these structural elements under off- site conditions.

7. Builders do much to reduce the work on the construction site.

8. They use the "box" type of structures for these blocks of flats.

13. Translate the following sentences. Mind the predicates in Passive Voice.

1. Window head is painted white.

2. Sun is not seen on the sky for half a year in the polar region of our country.

3. Circulation area is shown on the plan.

4. Communication means are greatly modified over the resent years.

5. The second floor is constituted of the course of rooms.

6. Furniture was changed in the main block of our University last year.

7. Various services are located in the basements of buildings.

8. Individual requirements of inhabitants are considered during the first stage of construction.

9. This little town is situated at the bottom of the hill.

10. More then one million people may be contained at Metro station at once.

14. Read and translate the text. Elements of buildings

The ultimate purpose of building techniques is to create a stable structure opposing to different forces. Forces acting on any member of a building are, first, its own weight and, second, the loads it carries, principally from other members but also from persons, furnishings, wind, etc. Their action encounters a reaction in opposing forces that hold the member in place by resisting at its joints and within the member itself. These forces are called stresses, and they vary according to the strength of materials and the form of the member. The kinds of stress are compression, which resists crushing; tension, which resists pulling apart; and bending, which occurs when one part of a member is in compression and the other is in tension.

Any building consists of some basic structural elements. According to their functions all the elements are subdivided into load-bearing and non-load-bearing. The former carry the loads of the upper parts of a building and that of snow, wind, etc. The latter, or so-called enclosing units, separate the building from the environment and give privacy to the adjacent rooms and spaces. Some bearing elements, walls for instance, may be considered as enclosing units too.

Walls can be both internal and external. There are retaining walls that are load-bearing and walls attached to the frame of a building and acting only as enclosing ones or curtain walls. The bearing external and internal walls connected with floors form a stiff box (framework) which is able to resist horizontal forces, those of wind, for instance.

Walls can be classified according to their functions into party walls, cross walls, end walls, side walls; or materials used for the construction: log (timber, wooden) walls, masonry walls of stone, slag blocks, brick, concrete blocks and facing panels.

In addition, outer walls can form different elevations according to their position: front (or facade) elevation; back (or rear) elevation and side elevation.

Floors divide a building into storeys or levels. They carry their own weight and that of partitions, screens, equipment, furniture and people and transmit these loads into walls, columns and beams. Floors can be ground, first, second as well as basement and semi-basement ones.

Stairs are means of communication, a part of a circulation area. They consist of steps or treads which constitute runs of stairs. Stairs are contained in staircases or they are open, or free-standing ones. The access to a staircase is called an entrance door or simply entrance or entry.

Partitions or screens rest on floors and divide a building into individual rooms or spaces. They can be movable, solid, glazed and timber ones or other types and materials.

Windows are enclosing elements and serve for lighting and ventilation. They consist of lights and frames, the latters have mullions and transoms. The upper part of a window opening is a window head, the lower being a sill. There can be top-hung windows, sliding windows, pivoted windows, revolution windows, fixed windows and many others.

Doors are enclosing elements and serve for ensuring the communication between the interiors of a building and the environment. They can be inner doors, entrance doors, or sliding doors, folding doors, or casement doors, French doors, etc.

Ceilings are not the main structural elements of a buildings; they are overhead inside surface of rooms or spaces. Nowadays the most widespread type of ceiling in building practice is a suspended one.