10. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words.

1. New construction methods and materials, computers and robots are being developed to improve … .

a) fertility; b) productivity; c) possibility.

2. Building construction … into an industrialized process.

a) evolves; b) creates; c) realizes.

3. Buyers are becoming more educated about energy … and indoor air quality

a) classification; b) modification; c) conservation.

4. Multi room … to entertainment will be built in future "smart" houses.

a) entrance; b) access; c) admittance.

5. Computers have helped to … design considerably in recent years

a) speed up; b) stand up; c) slow down.

6. Most people associate … boxes with the word "prefabrication".

a) creative; b) negative; c) repetitive.

11. Match the beginnings of the sentences (a) with their endings (b).

A.

1. The existence of a single large client and a need for rapid construction …

2. New construction methods and materials, computers and robots …

3. As consumers become more educated about energy conservation, lighting, indoor air quality …

4. Prefabrication of building components using mechanized, computer controlled tools is …

5. More and more assembly of building materials will be done …

6. CAD packages reduce considerably the number of mistakes …

7. The move to industrial construction is inevitable, and …

B.

1. arousing through human errors.

2. one way to achieve high quality.

3. they want their houses to be built to the highest standards.

4. provided fertile soil for a boom in the development of industrialized construction techniques.

5. designers and builders should pay attention to its opportunities now.

6. are improving building quality.

7. in a controlled environment away from the building site.

12. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What created a need for housing for millions of people after the war?

2. What are the innovations improving building quality?

3. What social factors push construction towards industrialization?

4. What are the ways to achieve high quality of buildings?

5. What are the features of future ''smart'' houses?

6. How can AutoCAD packages be used?

7. What do most people associate the word "prefabrication" with?

8. What are the opportunities of industrialized construction?

13. Interview your partner about the reasons of moving building construction towards industrialization. Use the following words and expressions.

Post war baby boom, fertile soil, to improve productivity, innovations, social factors, a demand for, to be built to the highest standards, to achieve high quality, creature comfort systems, future "smart" houses, to speed up design considerably, the repetitive boxes, inevitable, to pay attention to opportunities.

14. Read and translate Text 2. From the history of building construction

Construction, unlike most of the other technologies of today, is a process that has developed over thousands of years and through numerous civilization. Indeed, many of the processes and techniques developed through those times are still practiced in some form or other to the present day. By nature, construction has been heavily orientated towards craft skills supplemented by semi-skilled labour. This is particularly true where small firms are concerned and, when time and labour costs were low, this approach was often encouraged. Construction has been based traditionally on materials that were easily obtainable.

In the U.K. this meant that main materials in common use were timber, brick and clay products.

Foundations and walls were of timber, stone or brick (or possibly a mixture of all three). Ground floors were stone or brick and suspended floors and roofs of timber. Cladding to the roofs was the most varied, being stone or slate, clay tiles or timber. Doors and window frames were also of timber construction and finishes were generally based on clay or limestone products.

Similarly roads were formed from granite sets, stone or clay bricks and gravel. Marine works such as piers and breakwaters were primarily of stone or timber construction and drainage works were constructed in brickwork. This led to the development of three major crafts:

a) carpentry,

b) bricklaying and tiling,

c) plastering and rendering,

which are still very much in evidence to the present day.

Design was very much a ''rule of thumb'' technique, based on the experience of craftsmen. Modifications were made on site as the work progressed. Only the major building projects, e.g. cathedrals, churches and manor houses, were built to a carefully designed plan since the time scale for construction of these was much greater. Most of the main elements were made to order and the results were variable in appearance, scale and function.

As industry has grown the population has gone away from the villages to towns and cities since these are the centers of trade and commerce.

Rather then allow urban movement to run uncontrolled, planning restrictions have to be imposed and these have developed in three main forms:

a) joining of land usage,

b) density of population,

c) visual appearance,

so that the development of any piece of land is controlled by these factors.