2. Answer the questions:

1. What is the Bill of Rights?

2. What rights does the first amendment guarantee?

3. Who can be called a citizen of the U.S.A.?

4. When does a new President take office?

5. For how many terms can the same President be elected?

3. Discuss the following questions:

1. What is the difference between the American Constitution and the Bill of Rights?

2. What amendment would you add to the Constitution of the U.S.A.?

2. CHECKS AND BALANCES

1.Remember all the examples when:

-the President of the USA is dependent on the Senate;

-the Supreme court is dependent on the President and the Senate;

-the Congress is dependent on the President.

Vocabulary:

checks and balances	система сдержек и противовесов
separation of powers	разделение полномочий
to favour [’feɪvər]	Поддерживать
in comparison with [kəm’pærəsən]	по сравнению с
to request	Требовать

1. During 10 minutes look through the first paragraph of the text and render it in Russia without a dictionary. During other 10 minutes translate paragraph # 2 in written. Read and translate the rest of the text:

The U.S. Constitution establishes three branches for the federal government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The three branches work together to help the country. Each branch has its own responsibilities and powers. No branch has more power than the other branches. They have balanced powers. Each branch has separate duties to check the powers of the other branches.

When a new state- the U.S.A. - was born, the Founders of the state thought that if there was no balance of power among different branches of a government it would lead to tyranny. The problem was how to create a system of government with balanced powers. That’s why James Madison (1751-1836) favoured the Constitution that limited government by means of

1. separation of powers

2. a system of checks and balances, where checks- limitation of the duties of each branch, and balances- separate powers to each branch.

Congress has the power to make laws, but the President may veto any act of Congress. Congress, in its turn, can pass a law over a veto by a two-thirds vote in each house. Congress can also refuse to provide funds requested by the President. The President can appoint important officials of his administration, but they must be approved by the Senate. The President also has the power to name all federal judges: they too must be approved by the Senate.

The system of checks and balances makes compromise and consensus necessary. This system protects against extremes. It means, for example, that new presidents cannot radically change governmental policies just as they wish. In the US, therefore, when people think of “the government”, they usually mean the whole system, that is, the Executive Branch and the President, the Congress, and the Courts.

In fact and in practice, therefore, the President (i.e. “the Administration”) is not as powerful as many people think he is. In comparison with other leaders in systems where the majority party forms “the government”, he is even less powerful.

1. Give the English equivalents for: сбалансированные полномочия; посредством; ограничение обязанностей; обеспечить фондами; защищать против крайностей; правительственная политика; в свою очередь; на практике; партия большинства.