Index

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) biplanar reconstruction, 3D processing, 16 cell-saver autotransfusion (CSA), 18, 22 CT scan, 16, 17, 19

elderly men

beta-adrenergic antagonists, 6, 8 cardiac complications, 7 coronary artery bypass grafting

(CABG), 11 dobutamine, doses of, 4

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), 8–9

myocardial oxygen demand, 7 normal resting echocardiogram, 5 normal stress protocol, 4 percutaneous revascularization, 10 perioperative statin therapy, 6 postoperative outcome, 3

preoperative coronary revascularization, 7 stress test, stages of, 5

wall motion abnormalities, 4 EVAR, 21–22

fenestrated graft, 3D reconstruction of, 21 operative cardiac risk, 17, 20 pathogenesis of, 18, 22

post-operative mortality, 17, 20 recommendations, 18, 22 retroperitoneal approach, 20

ruptured (see Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA))

rupture, factor for, 16, 19 screening for, 15, 19

thoracoabdominal (see Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAAs))

Aberdeen questionnaire, varicose veins assessment, 503

Acute thrombosis. See Thrombosis, acute Adventitial cystic disease, popliteal artery

aetiology of, 245, 250–251 angiography of, 249 common femoral artery, 251 cross-section, 252 diagnosis, 247, 252–253 extent of, 250

hourglass-shaped subtotal occlusion, 246 perivascular cyst, 251

segmental resection and interposition, 248 treatment, 247–249, 253

wall of, 249, 252

Air plethysmography, varicose veins assessment, 503

Amputation

blast injury, 136–137, 142 ischemic limb

below vs. above-the-knee, 443–444, 449–450

BKA stump failure, 444, 450 causes of, 441, 446

clinical assessment of, 448 clinical history of, 441 creeping amputation, 447 deep space infection, 448–449

dressing method, gold standard for, 444, 450–451

indications for, 446–447 IV antibiotics, 443, 448–449

left heel ulcer, uncapped, 442 morbidity and mortality profile, 452 post-operative care, 444–446, 451–452 quality-of-life (QoL) measures, 452 secondary amputation, 447 transcutaneous oxygen pressure

measurements, 448 Anastomotic aneurysms

arterial degeneration, 100

bilateral anastomotic, from aortobifemoral graft, 97

complications of, 98, 100 etiology of, 98–100 incidence of, 99 infection in, 103

intervention, indications for, 100–101 management of, 99, 101 non-operative treatments, 98, 101 outcome, 103

treatment for, 101–102 Aneurysm, false. See False aneurysm,

in groin Angiography

adventitial cystic disease, popliteal artery, 249

aortofemoral graft infection, 398, 403 blast injury, 136, 140

carotid, Takayasu’s arteritis, 360–361, 367 completion, 88

computed tomography, 86, 87 diabetic foot, 267–268, 273

infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm, 38 intraarterial renal artery, 91 intraoperative, thoracic aneurysm, 69 lower limb claudication, 175, 176 postoperative, patent aortorenal venous

graft, 93

renovascular hypertension, 297, 298 Angiopathy, diabetic foot, 266, 272 Angioplasty

axillary vein thrombosis, 385 bilateral iliac artery occlusive disease

femorofemoral crossover bypass, rationale for, 193–196

and stenting, 192

lower limb claudication, stent insertion, 178, 183

low-flow mechanism, vertebrobasilar ischemia, 354

Takayasu’s arteritis, 367 Ankle-brachial index (ABI), 216, 221

Ankle swelling and venous insufficiency, 504 Antiphospholipid antibody (APA) syndrome,

483, 487 Antiplatelet agents, 169

Anti-thrombin III (ATIII), 483, 486 Aortic dissection

medical treatment, 81 Stanford A

classification, 75, 80

common iliac artery and renal artery saphenous vein bypass, 76, 77

computed tomography (CT) scans, 77

postoperative course, 76

Stanford B

aortic lumen and dissected superior mesenteric artery, 79

blood flow, 79–82

diagnostic methods, in acute condition, 78, 80

extra-anatomical reconstruction, with Dacron graft, 79

Aortic transection, endovascular management anatomical position of, 157–158 anatomical sites, traumatic disruption, 147,

150

chest drain insertion, 146, 147, 154 computerized tomography of, 147–150, 154 curvature, 158

high flow oxygen administration, 145, 153 hypovolaemic shock, 154

imaging modality, 153, 158 medical treatment, 156 polytraumatic injuries, 153 radiology, 146, 154 thoracic aortic stent

complications of, 151, 157 and deployment, 151, 152, 157

device delivery, access for, 151, 156 surveillance, imaging modality, 153,

158–159

thoracic computerized tomography, 158 Aortobifemoral bypass (ABF), 192 Aortoenteric fistulas

clinical history, 409 definition of, 411

extra-anatomical revascularization, 411–413 gastroduodenoscopy, 410, 412

herald bleedings, 410, 412 incidence time interval, 409–410, 412 prognosis of, 413

Aortofemoral graft infection antibiotic therapy, 404–405 causative organism, 403–404 complications of, 402–403, 406

compression stockings usage, 405–406 CT angiography, 398, 403

duplex ultrasound scanning, 397, 403 femoropoliteal veins, aortic replacement,

399–401, 405 fishmouthing, 401

perigraft fluid aspiration, 404 preoperative angiography, 404 rectus femoris flap, 402, 406 Aortography, acute thrombosis, 115

Aorto-iliac lesions, TASC II classification of, 181

recommendations for management of, 182

Arm reverse mapping (ARM) technique, lymphoedema, 575

Armstrong classification, diabetic foot, 272 Arterial degeneration, 100

Arterial embolism aetiology of, 127, 130 embolic occlusion of, 132 fasciotomy, 129, 131–132

heparin role, in treatment, 128, 131 pre-and peroperative diagnosis in,

129–130, 132

reperfusion syndrome, after arterial embolectomy, 129, 131

treatment of, 128, 131 Arteriogram, lower limb claudication

bilateral femoral arteriogram, 203 femoral arteriogram, 205–207 Iliac, 201–203

popliteal arteriogram, 204, 205, 207 Atheromatous renovascular disease (ARVD),

295–296 Auto transfusion, 21–22 Axillary vein thrombosis

blood tests, 384 complications, 383–384

percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, 385

therapy preferred, 381, 383 thrombolysis, 382, 384 transaxillary method, 384 venolysis, 384

B

Banding–plication techniques, steal syndrome, 436

Beta-adrenergic antagonists, 8 Bilateral anastomotic aneurysms, 97

Bilateral iliac artery occlusive disease. See Iliac artery occlusive disease, bilateral

Blast injury. See Lower limb, blast injury Blood pressure (BP), peripheral arterial dis-

ease, 169

Bypass

common iliac artery and renal artery saphenous vein, 76, 77

femoral popliteal, graft material selection, 211, 213

femorofemoral crossover, angioplasty, 193–196

infrapopliteal arteries, 231–234 infrapopliteal arteries, for chronic critical

limb ischemia

cardiovascular risk, preoperative medications/lifestyle changes, 232, 233

ePTFE, 232

long-term prognosis in, 232–234 MRA and duplex imaging, 233 treatment options, 234

left carotid subclavian, 68–69, 73 obturator foramen (see Obturator foramen

bypass) popliteal artery

distal cuff/patch, femorotibial PTFE, 226, 228

graft failure, duplex ultrasonography, 227–229

intermittent claudication, 225, 227 long-term patency, autologous vein,

226–228

percutaneous endovascular techniques, 228

thoracic aneurysm, 68, 73

C

Cardiovascular risk factors and peripheral arterial disease

antiplatelet agents, 169 blood pressure (BP), 169

fasting glucose values, interpretation of, 165–166

fasting HDL-C level, 167

fasting triglyceride values, interpretation of, 166–167

glucose status, 170

haemostatic and fibrinolytic factor, 170 homocysteine, 170 hypertriglyceridaemia/hypercholesterolae-

mia, secondary causes of, 167 inflammation markers, CRP, 170 lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), 170 metabolic syndrome, features of, 166 NCEP ATP III guidelines, CHD

equivalents, 168 renal function, monitoring, 171 smoking, 168–169

thyroid function tests, 167 Carotid bifurication disease

ACAS trial, 336 arteriotomy closure, 334, 338 arteriotomy of, 337–338 duplex scan of, 336–337 endarterectomy of, 337 evaluation of, 331

intensive care unit utilization, 338

management of

aspirin antiplatelet, 332

carotid endarterectomy, 332–333 electroencephalogram (EEG) changes,

333

NASCET and ECST trials, 335–336 symptoms of, 336

transfer of patient, 334–335, 338 Carotid body tumor

clinical presentation duplex ultrasound, 344 mass growth in, 343

physical examination, 344 somatostatine receptor scintigraphy,

341, 344 complications, 340, 344 examinations, 340, 341 malignancy of, 343 paragangliomas, 343 swollen neck, 339 treatment methods

embolization, 345 morbidity and mortality, 344 radiotherapy, 342, 345

Shamblin classification, 342, 344–345 ultrasound image of, 340

Cell-saver autotransfusion (CSA), 18, 22 Chest drain insertion, aortic transection, 146,

147, 154

Color Doppler imaging, PAE, 238

Common femoral artery (CFA), Duplex ultrasound, 105, 106

Completion angiogram, popliteal artery aneurysm, 88

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) axial slices, of infra-renal abdominal aortic

aneurysm, 26, 32 follow-up, 40 neck, 39

of chest, 65, 66, 68

popliteal artery aneurysm, 86, 87 TAAAs, 55, 58

Computed tomography (CT) scans AAA, 16, 17, 19

aortic transection, endovascular management, 147–150, 154

non-contrast, rAAA, 44 Stanford A aortic dissection, 77

Continuous-wave Doppler, PAE, 238 Contrast-enhanced CT scan, profunda femoris

artery revascularization, 194 Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 11 Coronary heart disease (CHD) equivalent,

NCEP ATP III guidelines, 168

Crawford classification system, TAAAs, 55, 58 C-reactive protein (CRP), 170

Critical limb ischemia (CLI), 190 infrapopliteal arteries bypass, 231–234

CTA. See Computed tomography angiography

D

Dacron graft, Stanford B Aortic dissection, 79 Danaparoid, 488–489

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) anticoagulant role, ATIII, 483, 486 antiphospholipid antibody (APA) syndrome,

483, 486–487 chronic warfarin therapy, 486 complications of, 488

Factor V Leiden gene mutation, 484, 487 graded compression stockings, 487 heparin-induced thrombocytopoenia, 485,

488–489 hyperhomocystinaemia, 487 incidence of, 488 indications for, 485

inferior vena cava (IVC) filter, 485, 489 perioperative management, 484–485,

487–488 prophylaxis, 484, 487–488 prophylaxis, IPC, 484, 487 Protein C function, 487

and pulmonary embolism, 488 risk factors for, 486

systemic thrombolytic therapy, 485, 489 Diabetic foot

aetiology of, 265, 270, 272 angiography of, 267–268, 273 angiopathy, 266, 272 Armstrong classification, 272 follow-up, 270

control angiography after, 271 intraoperative control, methods for, 269–270, 273–274

ischaemia and osteomyelitis, 266–267, 272 neuropathy, 266, 272

osteomyelitis diagnosis, blunt nasal probe, 265, 272

popliteal artery, vascular reconstruction, 269, 273

pressures, 267, 273 treatment strategy, 269, 273

vein graft stenosis, in duplex examination, 270, 274

Digital pitting, systemic sclerosis, 391 Digital pulp calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenom-

enon, 392

Distal revascularization interval ligation (DRIL), steal syndrome, 435–436

Duplex ultrasound, aneurysm, 105, 106 DVT. See Deep venous thrombosis

E

Echocardiogram, abdominal aortic aneurysm, 5 Elderly men, abdominal aortic aneurysm. See Abdominal aortic aneurysm,

elderly men

Endoleak classification, 36

intra-operative completion angiogram, 31 type II, 30, 36–37

Endovascular management

aortic transection (see Aortic transection, endovascular management) infra-inguinal disease (see Infra-inguinal

disease, endovascular management) of non-healing leg ulceration

ankle-brachial index (ABI), 216, 221 distal anterior tibial stenoses, 218 distal popliteal and proximal tibial

anatomy, 217 evaluation/management, 215, 219–220 PTA, of distal anterior tibial artery, 220 risk factor modification and protective

orthotics, 219, 223 SFA tandem stenoses, 216

stent and balloon technology, 222–223 TASC category of, 217, 221, 222 treatment option for, 217–219, 221–222

thoracic aneurysm (see Thoracic aneurysm, endovascular management)

thoracic aortic stent transection complications of, 151, 157 and deployment, 151, 152, 157

device delivery, access for, 151, 156 surveillance, imaging modality, 153,

158–159

Endovascular repair of AAA (EVAR), 21–22, 46, 49

Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT), varicose veins

characteristics, 495, 496 socioeconomic advantage, 497

Epidural cooling, paraplegia, 60

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), 232

F

Factor V Leiden gene mutation, 484, 487 False aneurysm, in groin

from common femoral artery (CFA), Duplex ultrasound, 105, 106

postcatheterization, 106, 107, 109 thrombin injection, complications of, 107,

108, 110–111

UGCR, disadvantages of, 107, 109, 110 ultrasound-guided thrombin injection, 107,

111

Femoral arteriogram, 205–207 Femorofemoral crossover bypass, 193–196 Femoropopliteal polytetrafluoroethylene

(PTFE) grafts, 226, 228 Fenestrated grafts, 29, 35

3D reconstruction, 21

Fingertip ulcer, Raynaud’s phenomenon, 388 Foam sclerotherapy, varicose veins, 500–504 Fogarty catheterization, iliofemoral venous

thrombosis, 533

G

Glucose values, interpretation, 165–166 Graft arteriovenous fistula, acute ischaemia vs. autologous, 431–432, 434–435

permanent angioaccess placement, 431, 434 steal syndrome, 432–433, 435–436

H

Haemostatic and fibrinolytic factors, PAD, 170 Hamburg classification, vascular malformation,

462–463 Hemodialysis access

arterialization indicators of, 420, 426 clinical history, 417

clinical vascular examination, 418, 423–424 left radial to cephalic AVF procedure, 419,

425

left radiocephalic AVF, 419, 425 preoperative DU examination, 418–419,

424–425

prosthetic interposition for, 422, 428 proximal forearm basilic, 420–421, 426 renal insufficiency evaluation, 417, 423 right forearm loop prosthetic graft, 422,

427–428

subclavian vein thrombosis, 426–427 Heparin

iliofemoral venous thrombosis, 532 role, in arterial embolism, 128, 131 Heparin-induced thrombocytopoenia (HIT),

485, 488–489

Herald bleedings, aortoenteric fistulas, 410, 412

Homocysteine, 170

Houdack–McMaster dye test, lymphoedema, 573–574

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), 8–9 Hypercholesterolaemia, secondary causes,

167 Hyperhomocystinaemia, 487 Hypertension

portal (see Portal hypertension management)

renovascular ARVD, 295–296

complications of, 294–295, 301 prognosis, 302

radiological techniques, 296–298 treatment methods, 299–302

Hypertriglyceridaemia, secondary causes, 167

I

Iliac arteriogram, lower limb claudication, 201–203

Iliac artery occlusive disease bilateral

angioplasty and stenting, 192 angioplasty of donor, rationale for,

193–196

aortobifemoral bypass (ABF), 192 cardiac evaluation, 188, 191 clinical assessment, 190–191 critical limb ischaemia (CLI), 190 follow-up management, 190, 197 imaging techniques, 191 percutaneous angiography, 188, 189

profunda femoris artery revascularization, with iliac stenting, 192–193

revascularization options, 191 surgical options, 188–190, 196–197

lower limb claudication (see Lower limb claudication, iliac artery occlusive disease)

Iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis, pregnancy

anticoagulative treatment, 535–536, 542–543

and breast feeding, 541, 545 contralateral iliocavagram, 536–537,

543–544 fluoroscopy guidance for, 544

operative venous thrombectomy, 536, 543

pulmonary embolism, 543–544

thrombectomy

arteriovenous fistula (AVF), anastomosis of, 539–541, 544–545

endophlebectomy of, 544 longitudinal venotomy, 537–538

thrombophilia evaluation, 542, 545 Iliofemoral venous thrombosis

blood tests result, 531 clinical presentation, 531, 532

color duplex sonography of, 530, 532 diagnosis, 530, 531

indications of, 531

patient medical history, 529–530 plethysmography of, 532 treatment

endovascular method, 533 thrombectomy, 531, 533 thrombolysis, 532–533

Infection, in anastomotic aneurysms, 103 Infra-inguinal disease, endovascular manage-

ment

bilateral femoral arteriogram, 203 chronic occlusion of, superficial femoral

artery, 203–204, 212

common femoral artery, antegrade ipsilateral puncture of, 204, 212

covered stenting, 206, 212

diseased artery, passage of wires, 202, 212 femoral arteriogram, 205–207

femoral popliteal bypass, graft material selection, 211, 213

flush catheter, repositioning, 202, 212 iliac arteriogram, 201–203 management, 199–200, 211

non-invasive segmental arterial studies, 200, 207, 211, 213

percutaneous retrograde right femoral, 201, 211

popliteal arteriogram, 204, 205, 207 post reconstruction, segemental arteruial

pressures, 208 segmental arterial pressures, 200 wire, chronic occlusion, 205, 212

Infrapopliteal arteries bypass, for chronic critical limb ischemia, 231–234

Infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm, endoluminal treatment

angiogram, anatomy for, 38 asymptomatic, intervention in, 27, 34 center-lumen line reconstruction, 28 CTA axial slices of, 26, 32

follow-up, 40 neck, 39

CTA volume rendering reconstruction, 32

endoleak classification, 36

intra-operative completion angiogram, 31

type II, 30, 36–37

endoprosthesis, with supra-renal open stent fixation, 29, 35

EVAR

anatomical features, 27–28, 34–35

fenestrated grafts, outcomes, 29, 35 follow-up imaging options, 37

fenestrated grafts, 29, 35 graft selection, 29, 35 iliac arteries, angulation, 39 neck, 40

and left iliac bifurcation, optimal visualization of, 28

open and endovascular repair, 27, 34 preoperative assessment, 25, 33 renal insufficiency, 31, 37

rupture risk, 27, 33–34

secondary intervention, probability of, 33, 37–38

unilateral common iliac aneurismal involvement, 30, 36

volume rendering reconstruction of, 26 Ischemia

acute thrombosis, 114, 120 acute, upper extremity

autologous AV fistula vs. grafts, 431–432, 434–435

permanent angioaccess placement, 431, 434

steal syndrome, 432, 433, 435–436

K

Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) ascending venogram, 475–476, 479 characteristics, 473–474

clinical presentation, 477–478 endovenous therapies, 479 evaluation of, 478–479 indications for, 475

lumbar sympathectomy, 479 magnetic resonance venography,

474, 479 plethysmography exercise, 477

vs. normal controls, 479 outflow, 476–477

treatment, 479

vascular malformation, 463, 464

L

Laminectomy, vertebrobasilar ischemia, 351, 352

Leg ulceration, endovascular management. See Non-healing leg ulceration, endovascular management

Lepirudin, 488

Limb ischemia, SVS/ISCVS category of, 114, 120

Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)), 170 Lower extremity

lymphedema, bilateral massive swelling of (see Lymphedema)

vascular malformation, congenital hemodynamic assessment of, 465 important precondition for, 462, 470 therapeutic strategy, 461, 469

Lower limb, blast injury amputation, 136–137, 142 angiography, 136, 140 care of, 135, 140

complex vein repair, 137, 138, 142 extended wound, 138

ischaemia, tolerance for, 136, 140 multidisciplinary approach, 138 postoperative period, 138–139, 142–143 preoperative arteriography, 140 recovery, 139

rehabilitation, 139 shunts for, 141

signs of, vascular injury, 135, 140 surgery, 136, 141

Lower limb claudication

bilateral iliac artery occlusive disease angioplasty and stenting, 192 angioplasty of donor, rationale for,

193–196

aortobifemoral bypass (ABF), 192 cardiac evaluation, 188, 191 clinical assessment, 190–191 critical limb ischaemia (CLI), 190 follow-up management, 190, 197 imaging techniques, 191 percutaneous angiography, 188, 189

profunda femoris artery revascularization, with iliac stenting, 192–193

revascularization options, 191 surgical options, 188–190, 196–197

iliac artery occlusive disease angiogram, 176

angioplasty, stent insertion, 178, 183 arterial insufficiency, 177, 183 balloon size, internal and external iliac

arteries, 176, 182

cilostazol and arterial imaging, 174, 180 digital subtraction angiogram, 175 erectile dysfunction, 176, 177, 183 external iliac artery, TASC C, 177–178,

183

follow-up for, 176–177, 182–183 hydrophilic guide wire, retrograde

passage of, 179 imaging modality, 174, 180

initial management of, 173–174, 178, 180

intervention, 178, 183 MRA, 180–181

TASC II, aorto-iliac lesions, 181, 182 infra-inguinal disease, endovascular

management

bilateral femoral arteriogram, 203 chronic occlusion of, superficial femoral

artery, 203–204, 212 common femoral artery, antegrade

ipsilateral puncture of, 204, 212 covered stenting, 206, 212

diseased artery, passage of wires, 202, 212

femoral arteriogram, 205–207 femoral popliteal bypass, graft material

selection, 211, 213

flush catheter, repositioning, 202, 212 iliac arteriogram, 201–203 management, 199–200, 211 non-invasive segmental arterial studies,

200, 207, 211, 213

percutaneous retrograde right femoral, 201, 211

popliteal arteriogram, 204, 205, 207 post reconstruction, segemental

arteruial pressures, 208 segmental arterial pressures, 200 wire, chronic occlusion, 205, 212

Low-flow mechanism, vertebrobasilar ischemia

angioplasty, 354 compression role in, 353–354 contrast injection of, 351, 352 ischemic symptoms, 354 laminectomy of, 351, 352 neurological examination, 351 symptoms of, 351, 353

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) deep venous thrombosis, 484–485,

487, 488

venous ulcers, 508–509, 512

Lumbar sympathectomy, Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS), 479

Luminal thrombosis, ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy, 503

Lymphatic microsurgical preventive healing approach (LYMPHA) technique, 575–576

Lymphedema

lower extremity, bilateral massive swelling of

active mobilization for, 562 bed-ridden condition, 550 cause(s), 550–551, 554 clinical history of, 549

complex decongestive therapy (CDT), 557, 558

compression therapy, 554–556 excisional surgery, 552–553, 559–563 guidelines of, 557–558, 560 Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS),

555 liposuction, 559

lymphatic malformation, classification of, 554, 557

reconstructive surgery of, 558–559 septic shock management, 553–554 sequential pneumatic compressiontherapy (SIPC), 557–558

upper extremity, microsurgical LVA classification of, 567, 571–573 clinical history of, 567

elastic stockings, 574 Houdack–McMaster dye test, 573–574 long-term clinical outcome, 570 lymphangioscintigraphy, 569–573 LYMPHA technique, 575–576 pharmacotherapy, 574

staging of, 574–575

M

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) lower limb claudication, 180–181 popliteal artery entrapment (PAE), 240 Magnetic resonance venography (MRV),

Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, 474 Mesenteric ischaemia, acute

aetiology, 286 causes, 284, 287

clinical presentation, 283, 286 contrast-enhanced CT, 284–285, 288 diagnosis, 283

examination of, 283

flow restoration of, 285, 290 incidence, 286

ischaemia, features of, 290

management methods, 284–285 NOMI, 289–290 non-occlusive

causes, 286 treatment, 289

non-viable bowel and treatment, 285–286, 290–291

optimisation of, 290–291 patchy mid-gut infarction, 288 revascularisation of, 289 symptoms of, 287 thrombolysis, 290

transthoracic echocardiography, 287 viable bowel appearance, 285

Metabolic syndrome, features, 166 Microsurgical lympho-venous anastomosis

(LVA), upper extremity classification of, 567, 571–573 clinical history of, 567

elastic stockings, 574 Houdack–McMaster dye test, 573–574 long-term clinical outcome, 570 lymphangioscintigraphy, 569–573 LYMPHA technique, 575–576 pharmacotherapy, 574

staging of, 574–575 Midaortic syndrome

aortic coarctation character, 309 aortic disease treatment, 307, 311–312

bilateral renal disease treatment, 307–308, 312–313

clinical manifestations, 310–311 conventional arteriography, 305–306 deep abdominal ultrasonography, 307 imaging methods, 305–307, 309–311 long-term follow-up, 308, 313 pathogenesis, 309–310

renal and splanchnic arterial disease, 309 stenotic disease treatment, 307, 312–313 treatment options

aortorenal bypass, 312–313 division and reimplantation, 312 endoluminal stenting of, 311–312 individualized treatment, 314 patch aortoplasty, 311 thoracoabdominal bypass grafts, 311

N

Neuropathy, diabetic foot, 266, 272 Non-healing leg ulceration, endovascular

management ankle-brachial index (ABI), 216, 221 distal anterior tibial stenoses, 218

distal popliteal and proximal tibial anatomy, 217

evaluation/management, 215, 219–220 PTA, of distal anterior tibial artery, 220 risk factor modification and protective

orthotics, 219, 223 SFA tandem stenoses, 216

stent and balloon technology, 222–223 TASC category of, 217, 221, 222 treatment option for, 217–219, 221–222

Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia (NOMI)

causes, 286 treatment, 289

O

Obturator foramen bypass

alternative revascularisation procedures, 258, 262

complication of, 257–258, 260 concept of, 259–260 diagnosis, 255, 256, 258–259 indication for, 257, 260 infected graft, 255, 258 preoperative measures, 258–259 principle of, 261

technique, 260–262

vascular graft infection, in groin, 256–257, 259

Open surgical repair (OSR) and TEVAR, thoracic aneurysm, 70

Osteomyelitis, diabetic foot, 265, 272

P

PAE. See Popliteal artery entrapment Paragangliomas, carotid body, 343 Paraplegia, 56, 59, 60

Patent aortorenal venous graft, postoperative angiography, 93

Pectoralis minor syndrome (PMS), neurogenic

clinical history of, 373 diagnostic criteria, 375, 377–378

Percutaneous angiography

with brachial artery catheterization, 188 external iliac artery, moderate stenosis of,

189

Percutaneous revascularization, abdominal aortic aneurysm, 10

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), of distal anterior tibial artery, 220

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 10

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD). See Cardiovascular risk factors and peripheral arterial disease

Plethysmography exercise, 477

KTS vs. normal controls, 479 outflow, 476–477

Popliteal arteriogram, 204, 205, 207 Popliteal artery

adventitial cystic disease (see Adventitial cystic disease, popliteal artery)

aneurysm

completion angiogram, 88 compression of, 86, 89

computed tomography angiogram, 86, 87

diagnostic angiogram, 87 diagnostic test of, 85, 89 emergent repair for, 86, 89 presence of, risk for, 85, 89 treatment of, 88–90

bypass

distal cuff/patch, femorotibial PTFE, 226, 228

graft failure, duplex ultrasonography, 227–229

intermittent claudication, 225, 227 long-term patency, autologous vein,

226–228

percutaneous endovascular techniques, 228

vascular reconstruction, 269, 273 Popliteal artery entrapment (PAE)

angiograms of, 240, 242 arteriography, 239 classification of, 242

Color Doppler, arterial occlusion, 238 Continuous-wave Doppler, posterior tibial

artery, 238 diagnosis of, 239, 242 incidence of, 241, 243

medial gastrocnemius muscle, 243 MRA, bilateral occlusion, 240 presentation of, 237, 242 treatment of, 240–243

Portal hypertension management acute variceal bleed, 325 child–pugh classification, 324 complications of, 323

DSRS vs. TIPS randomized trial, 326 etiology of, 324

European trial, 326

evaluation and management, 320, 323 gastroesophageal varices, decompression of,

323

artery and vein contrast injection, 321 circumaortic left renal vein, 322 postoperative catheterization of, 322

imaging studies, 324 indications, 327 MELD score, 324 prevention, 320

prophylactic treatment, 323, 325 rebleeding risk, 323

recurrent variceal bleeding, 323, 325–326 variceal bleeding episode, 319–320, 323,

325

Profunda femoris artery revascularization, with iliac stenting, 192–193

R

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), varicose veins, 495, 497–498

Raynaud’s phenomenon debridement of, 390, 392 digital pitting, 391–392

digital sympathectomy, 390, 392 examination methods, 388, 391 fingertip ulcer, 388

intravenous antibiotics for, 389, 392 systemic sclerosis, 391–392

Rectus femoris flap, aortofemoral graft ­infection, 402, 406

Renal artery aneurysm aetiology of, 92, 94

intraarterial renal artery angiography, 91 management of, 93, 94

postoperative angiography, patent aortorenal venous graft, 93

postoperative mortality and morbidity, 95 renal artery repair (RAR), 92–94

risks of, 92, 94 symptoms, 93–94

Renal artery repair (RAR), 92–94 Renal function, PAD, 171 Renovascular hypertension

atheromatous renovascular disease, 295–296 complications of, 294–295, 301

CT angiography (CTA), 297, 298 duplex ultrasonography (DU), 298 examination of, 293–294

future management, 295, 302 intra-arterial angiography, 297 magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),

296–297

medical treatment, 299 prognosis, 302 revascularization procedure, 299

ASTRAL trial report, 301 complications, 301 indications for, 300

renal artery stenosis, 294, 301 surgical options, 301–302

Reperfusion syndrome, arterial embolism, 129, 131

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (rAAA) algorithm for, 48

complication, 46, 49

endovascular repair of AAA (EVAR), 46, 49 non-contrast computed tomography (CT)

scan, 44

perioperative management of, 45 permissive hypotensive strategy, 47 risk factors, 44, 47

supraceliac control, 48 symptoms, triad of, 43, 47 ultrasound, 45, 47

S

Sclerosant, foam preparation, 503–504 Seldinger technique, 188

Shamblin classification, carotid body tumor, 342, 344–345

Smoking, and peripheral arterial disease, 168–169

Somatostatine receptor scintigraphy, carotid body tumor, 341, 344

Statins. See 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins)

Steal syndrome

signs and symptoms of, 432, 435 surgical techniques, 432–433, 435–436

Stenoses

distal anterior tibial, 218

superficial femoral artery (SFA) tandem, 216

Stenting and iliac angioplasty, 192 Subclavian vein thrombosis

blood tests, 384 complications, 383–384

percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, 385 therapy preferred, 381, 383

thrombolysis, 382, 384 transaxillary method, 384 venolysis, 384

Superficial epigastric vein (SEV), 494 Superficial femoral artery (SFA) tandem sten-

oses, 216, 219

Superficial venous insufficiency, venous ulcers classification, 520, 522–524

management of, 520–521, 524–526 four-layer bandage, 524–525 radiofrequency method, 524 subfascial endoscopic perforator

surgery, 525–526 surgery role, 526

patient evaluation, 519–522 risk factors, 520

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), 289

Systemic thrombolytic therapy, 489

T

Takayasu’s arteritis angioplasty, 367

bilateral carotid revascularization, 362–363, 368

BP measurement, 358–359, 366 carotid CT angiography, 360–361, 367 clinical history, 357

clinical manifestations of, 365 complication, 363–364

anastomotic aneurysm, 369 cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome

(CHS), 368–369 diagnostic criteria, 357, 364–365

duplex ultrasonography, 358, 365–366 endarterectomy, 367–368

imaging technique, 358, 365–366 indications of, 359, 366

MR angiography, 359, 365

NIH criteria, disease activity, 367 TEVAR. See Thoracic endovascular aortic

stent repair

Thoracic aneurysm, endovascular management bypass, investigation for, 68, 73

CTA of chest, 65, 66, 68 endovascular option of, 68, 72–73

hypotension, during graft deployment, 67, 71

intraoperative angiography, 69 completion, 69

left carotid subclavian bypass, 68–69, 73 parameters, in early postoperative period,

67, 72

patient positioning, 66, 70, 71 postoperative patient, follow up for, 67, 70 staged procedures, advantages of, 69, 73 stiff wire, optimal distal position of, 66–67,

71 TEVAR

aortic coverage, extent of, 72 devices, 71

intra-operative complications of, 67, 72 and open surgical repair (OSR), 70 spinal cord ischemia, prevention, 67, 72 standard, contraindications for, 66, 70

Thoracic aortic stent transection, endovascular management

complications of, 151, 157 and deployment, 151, 152, 157

device delivery, access for, 151, 156 surveillance, imaging modality, 153,

158–159

Thoracic endovascular aortic stent repair (TEVAR)

aortic coverage, extent of, 72 devices, 71

intra-operative complications of, 67, 72 and open surgical repair (OSR), 70 spinal cord ischemia, prevention, 67, 72 standard, contraindications for, 66, 70

Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS), neurogenic cause of, 374, 377

clinical history of, 373 coexisting symptoms of, 375, 378 complications of, 376, 378–379 conservative therapy, 378 diagnostic criteria, 374, 377 surgery

decompression, 375, 378 procedures, 376, 378 success rate of, 376, 379

types of, 377

Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAAs) bleeding problem and fluid resuscitation, 56,

60 chest X-ray, 54

complications, 56, 59

Crawford classification system, 55, 58 CTA scan, aneurysmal dilatation, 55, 58 endovascular/hybrid repair, 57, 61 fenestrated endografts, 61 management schemes, 55, 58–59 pain, causes of, 54, 57

paraplegia, prevention of, 56, 60 survival, 57, 61

therapeutic intervention, neurological function, 56, 60–61

Thrombin injection, aneurysm complications of, 107, 108, 110–111 ultrasound-guided, 107, 111

Thrombolysis

axillary/subclavian vein thrombosis, 382, 384

iliofemoral venous thrombosis, 532–533 long-term outcome, 115–117, 121–122 mesenteric ischaemia

causes, 287

venous thrombectomy, 290 mesenteric ischaemia, acute, 290 peripheral arterial occlusion, complication,

117–120, 123 Thrombosis, acute

acute embolism, sequence of events in, 114, 120

aortography, 115

embolic vs. thrombotic occlusions, 113, 117–119

limb ischemia, SVS/ISCVS category of, 114, 120

SVS/ISCVS category IIa and IIb ischemia, 114, 120

thrombolysis

long-term outcome, 115–117, 121–122

peripheral arterial occlusion, complication, 117–120, 123

treatment, 114, 121

Thyroid function tests, and peripheral arterial disease, 167

Transarterial lung perfusion scintigraphy (TLPS), vascular malformation, 466, 468

TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC) of superficial femoral artery segment, 217,

221

femoropopliteal lesions, 222 infrainguinal classification, 222 TASC C, external iliac artery, 177–178,

183

TASC II, aorto-iliac lesions classification of, 181 recommendations for management of,

182

Triglyceride values, interpretation, 166–167 Tumescent anesthesia, varicose veins,

494–495, 497 Tumor, carotid body

clinical presentation, 343–344 complications, 340, 344 examinations, 340, 341 malignancy of, 343 paragangliomas, 343

somatostatine receptor scintigraphy, 341, 344

swollen neck, 339

treatment methods, 342, 344–345 ultrasound image of, 340

U

Ultrasound rAAA, 45, 47

thrombin injection, aneurysm, 107, 111 Ultrasound-guided compression repair

(UGCR), 107, 109, 110 Ultrasound guided foam sclerotherapy

(UGFS), varicose veins ankle swelling, causes for, 502, 504 benefits of, 500, 503

complications and side effects, 502, 504 diagnostic methods, 499–500, 502–503 efficacy improvement of, 501, 504 foam administration, 500–501, 503–504 treatment, 500, 503

Upper extremity acute ischemia

autologous AV fistula vs. grafts, 431–432, 434–435

permanent angioaccess placement, 431, 434

steal syndrome, 432, 433, 435–436 lymphedema, microsurgical LVA, 567–576

V

Variceal bleeding episode, 319–320, 323, 325 Varicose veins (VV)

compression stockings, 492, 496 endovenous laser therapy (EVLT) characteristics, 495, 496

socioeconomic advantage, 497 high ligation and stripping, 493–494, 496 incidence rate, 496

patient history, 491–492

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), endovenous, 495, 497–498

recurrence management, UGFS, 500–504 superficial epigastric vein (SEV), 494 tumescent anesthesia, 494–495, 497

Vascular-bone syndrome, 464

Vascular graft infection, in groin, 256–257, 259 Vascular malformation, congenital

abnormal blood pooling of, 466, 468 basic laboratory test, 458, 465–466 cause of, 464

clinical evaluation

complex decongestive therapy (CDT), 460

ethanol sclerotherapy, 459–460 lymphatic malformation (LM), 459 multiple VM lesions, 460

TLPS assessment, 459, 466, 468 clinical presentations, 462

differential diagnosis, 462, 471 etiology of, 464

fundamental problem on, 458, 464 Hamburg classification, 462–463 indications, 461, 469

invasive investigation consensus, 461–462, 469–470

ISSVA recommendation for, 461, 469 knee joint evaluation of, 465–466 lower extremity

hemodynamic assessment of, 465 important precondition for, 462, 470 therapeutic strategy, 461, 469

lymphangiography, 466 lymphoscintigraphy of, 466 management of, 460–461, 469 non-invasive tests, 458, 466–469 physical examination, 457 radiological assessment of, 466 scoliosis assessment of, 465 skeletal system evaluation, 457 sonographic assessment of, 465–466

Venolysis, axillary vein thrombosis, 384 Venous gangrene. See Iliofemoral venous

thrombosis Venous ulcers

deep venous insufficiency (DVT) air-plethysmography, 512 ambulatory venous pressure, 511–512 claudication and pain, 510–511 clinical features of, 509–510 descending venography, 511 differential diagnosis, 509

duplex examination of, 511 examination of, 507 hypercoagulability in, 511 limb swelling, 511 non-thrombotic iliac vein lesion

(NIVL), 513–514 patient medical history, 507

percutaneous recanalization of, 514 post-thrombotic syndrome, 513–514 stent technology, 512–515 valvuloplasty, deep venous reflux, 512 warfarin administration, 508–509

superficial venous insufficiency classification, 520, 522–524 management of, 520–521, 524–526 patient evaluation, 519–522

risk factors, 520 Vertebrobasilar ischemia

arteriogram, 349

cerebellar and brainstem infarctions, MRI, 348