Упражнения

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные функции глагола to have.

Образец:

Не has a car (смысловой глагол). Не has seen this film (вспомогательный глагол). Не has to go there by air (модальный глагол).

У него есть автомобиль

(Он имеет).

Он видел этот фильм.

Ему приходится (он должен)

лететь туда.

1. They have many new devices. They have to change old equipment. They have changed old equipment.

2. The engineer has to consider this problem.

He has a new electronic microscope in his laboratory. He has examined many samples of this ore.

3. You will have translated this text by 12 o'clock. You will have to go to the library to get this book. You will have many new subjects next term.

4. This method had produced good results by the end of the year. This method had to be introduced at the plant as it had many advantages over the old one.

b)

1. Pluto has the most elliptical orbit of any of the planets.

2. We have already seen that the larger molecules in petroleum have the higher melting points.

3. In space, however, there is no air, and astronauts have to take their air with them.

4. The ionosphere has no significant effects on the lower atmosphere.

5. We have some limited knowledge of this problem.

6. The space we have started to explore is vast, almost beyond imagination.

7. Gamma rays have no electric charge.

II. Переведите на русский язык следующее предложения, обращая внимание на глагол to be и следующий за ним инфинитив.

1. His task was to translate the article from Russian into English.

2. The object of the experiment is to measure the voltage in the circuit.

3. One way of obtaining hydrogen is to obtain the substance in its pure form.

4. The purpose of this book is to present experimental data of recent research.

5. We are to study the main laws of physics.

6. Glass which is used for lenses is to be almost colourless.

7. In this instrument the current which is to be measured flows between points A and B.

8. New methods are to be described in the next chapter.

9. The method which is to be used in this case is rather complicated.

10. Our purpose is to determine the effect of X-rays on the substance under test.

11. Close contact of the substances that are to react is always necessary.

12. At this point the material under examination is to be heated.

4. Модальные глаголы

Основные модальные глаголы can (could), may (might), must, should. Они не обозначают действие, а выражают лишь отноше­ние к нему, т.е. возможность, вероятность или необходимость со­вершения действия. Само действие выражается инфинитивом или перфектным инфинитивом смыслового глагола без ча­стицы to.

Модальные глаголы называются также недостаточными

(Defective) и имеют следующие особенности:

1. Они не имеют неличных форм (причастия, герундия, ин­финитива).

2. Глаголы can (could), may (might) имеют формы настоя­щего и прошедшего времени, глагол must — только фор­му настоящего времени. Недостающие формы прошедшего и будущего времени восполняются эквивалентами модальных глаголов:

can — to be able to,

may — to be allowed to, to be permitted to,

must — to have to, to be to.

3. He изменяются по лицам (в 3-м лице нет окончания-s).

4. Вопросительную и отрицательную формы образуют без вспомогательного глагола to do.

Модальный глагол CAN (could) мочь, уметь выражает:

1. Возможность, умение.

She can do it. Она может (умеет)

это делать.

2. Предположение с Perfect Infinitive в утвердительном предложении и переводится словом возможно. Perfect Infinitive всегда переводится глаголом прошедшего вре­ мени.

She can have done it. Она, возможно,

это сделала.

3. Сомнение с Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive в вопроситель­ ных и отрицательных предложениях и переводится словами неуэюели, не моэюет быть.

Can she do Неуэюели она это делает

(have done) it? (сделала)?

She can't do He моэюет быть,

(have done) it. что она это делает

(сделала).

Заместитель модального глагола can — to be able to быть в состоянии.

She will be able to do it. Она моэюет это сделать.

Модальный глагол MAY (might) можно выражает:

1. Просьбу (в вопросительных предложениях), разрешение (в утвердительных предложениях).

May I come in? Можно войти?

You may take the book. Вы можете взять эту

книгу. .

2. Предположение, возможность с Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive и переводится словами возмоэюно, может быть.

She may do Она, возмоэюно,

(have done) it. делает (сделала) это.

Заместители глагола may — to be allowed to, to be permitted to — иметь разрешение.

He is permitted to go there. Ему можно туда пойти.

Модальный глагол MUST (должен) выражает:

1. Долг, необходимость.

She must do it. Она должна это сделать.

2. Предположение с Infinitive или Perfect Infinitive и пере­ водится словами должно быть, вероятно.

She must do Она, долж:но быть,

(have done) it. это делает (сделала).

Заместители модального глагола must:

to have to — должен, приходится (в силу обстоятельств),

to be to — должен, предстоит (в силу плана).

She has to do it. Она долэюна эт,о сделать.

Ей приходится это делать. She is to do it. Она дол^юна это сделать.

Ей предстоит это сделать.

Should в самостоятельном предложении употребляется для вы­ражения морального долга или совета, относящегося к на­стоящему или будущему времени.

You should help them.. Вы должны (Вам следует)

помочь им. Should с перфектным инфинитивом выражает действие, которое должно было произойти в прошлом, но не произошло.

You should have Во.м, следовало помочь ему.

helped him.

Упражнения

I. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модаль­ ные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. The equipment can be used in any climate.

2. The voltage has to be very high if the wires are not thick.

3. The cable is to be used to test electric transmission line.

4. The electric field may be thought of as consisting of a number of lines of force.

5. A number of TV stations are to be linked up into a network.

6. Nowadays one is able to connect power stations into power grids.

7. One should always take safety precautions.

8. Deserts could be turned into gardens by solar energy.

9. The currents should be as small as possible not to melt the wires. 10. One has to separate the wires from the pilons with insulators.

II. One can see that there is no principal difference between iron and copper as conductors.

12. The device is faulty; you cannot rely on the data.

13. The department is to be equipped with modern devices.

12. One should never touch an aluminium cable — the high voltage will drive a heavy current the through the body.

12. One may choose among a great many insulating materials.

II.

1. In order to reduce the number of stages of a preamplifier, the gain of each stage must be small.

2. The source of an input signal may be connected both in parallel and in tandem in the circuit.

3. Engineers should consider a great number of circuits with different stages of amplification before they start their work.

4. To amplify without any distortion, a special tube must be used.

5. The radio-frequency amplifier used in a broadcast receiver may differ from that used in a receiver serving other purposes.

6. In order to provide small non-linear distortions one may use only part of the load line.

7. An amplifier that is linear ought to have phase delays proportional to their frequencies.

8. Amplifiers can be classified according to whether they amplify a narrow or wide band of frequencies.

9. If more amplification is needed, amplifiers can be connected in tandem.

10. The effect of amplification can be achieved due to an additional source of energy.

III.

1. In amplifying any electrical signal a faithful reproduction of the wave form has to be carried out, otherwise distortion will result.

2. All amplifiers are able to be classified according to the character of amplified signals.

3. Audio amplifiers have to amplify electrical a. c. signals.

4. In the nearest future our laboratory will have to start working at the design of a new power amplifier.

5. The main purpose of voltage amplifiers is to supply a considerable amount of poAver.

6. A small change in the signal is able to produce a large change in the plate current because of the amplifying action of the tube.

7. When the input signal is delayed without distortion, the phase delay has to be 90°.

8. When there appears a necessity to amplify electric signals different types of amplifiers are to be used.

9. In an amplifier, two terminals have to be used at the same time. 10. The students were allowed to look at different circuits that were

designed at the laboratory.