1 курс / Латинский язык / Латинский_язык_и_основы_медицинской_терминологии_Жура_В_В_,_Мартинсон

A.Upper longitudinal muscle of tongue; right branch of portal vein; entrance of lower hollow vein; greater horn of hyoid bone; sulcus of lower petrosal sinus; crest of greater tubercle; lower dental arch; upper bulb of jugular vein; process of lower nasal concha; sulcus of greater petrosal nerve; temporal face of greater ala; muscle of upper eyelid; upper articular process of lumbar vertebra; frenulum of upper lip; posterior artery of brain.

B.Maxillary process; process of lower nasal concha; entrance of upper hollow vein; skeleton of upper limb; smaller ala of sphenoid bone; bottom of urinary bladder; anterior ligament of head of calf-bone; anterior lobe of cerebellum; lower face of tongue.

C.Posterior ethmoid opening; anterior longitudinal ligament; greater palatine sulcus; greater palatine opening, frontal medial surface, superior cervical ganglion.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 5

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UNIT 6

NUMERALS

The Latin Numerals may be classified as follows:

I.NUMERAL ADJECTIVES:

1.Cardinal Numbers, answering the question "How many?" as unus (one); duo (two), etc.

2.Ordinal Numbers, which are adjectives derived (in most cases) from the Cardinals, and answering the question "Which in order?" as primus (first); secundus (second), etc.

3.Distributive Numerals, answering the question "How many at a time?" as singuli (one at a time); bineґ (two by two), etc.

II. NUMERAL ADVERBS, answering the question "How often?" as semel (once); bis (twice), etc.

Cardinals and Ordinals

These two series are as follows:

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4.quater

5.quinquiens (-es)

6.sexiens

7.septiens

8.octiens

9.noviens

10.deciens

1 1. undeciens

12. duodeciens

Other Numerals

The following adjectives are called Multiplicatives:

simplex (single); duplex (double, twofold); triplex (triple, threefold); quadruplex, quinquiplex, septemplex, decemplex, centuplex, sesquiplex (1 1/2), multiplex

(manifold).

Proportionals are: duplus, triplus, quadruplus, octuplus, etc., twice as great, thrice as great, etc.

The Ordinals (except secundus, tertius, octavus, nonus) are formed by means of suffixes related to those used in the superlative and in part identical with them. Thus, decimus (compare the form infimus) may be regarded as the last of a series of ten; primus is a superlative of a stem akin to pro; the forms in -tus (quartus, quintus, sextus) may be compared with the corresponding Greek forms in -tos, and with superlatives in -is-to-s, while the others have the superlative ending -timus (changed to -simus).

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are used as Nouns or as Adjectives. They are divided into the following seven classes:

1.Personal Pronouns: as ego (I).

2.Reflexive Pronouns: as se (himself).

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3.Possessive Pronouns: as meus (my).

4.Demonstrative Pronouns: as hic (this); ille (that).

5.Relative Pronouns: as qui (who).

6.Interrogative Pronouns: as quis (who?).

7.Indefinite Pronouns: as aliquis (some one).

Personal Pronouns

The Personal pronouns of the first person are ego (I), nos (we); of the second person, tu (thou or you), vos (ye or you). The personal pronouns of the third person – he, she, it, they – are wanting in Latin, a demonstrative being sometimes used instead.

Ego and tu are declined as follows: FIRST PERSON

Reflexive Pronouns are used in the Oblique Cases to refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand: as se amat - he loves himself.

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In the first and second persons the oblique cases of the Personal pronouns are used as Reflexives: as me video - I see myself; te laudas - you praise yourself; nobis persuademus - we persuade ourselves.

The Reflexive pronoun of the third person has a special form used only in this sense, the same for both singular and plural. It is thus declined:

GEN. sui (of himself, herself, itself, themselves). DAT. sibi (to himself, herself, itself, themselves). ACC. se (sese) (himself, herself, itself, themselves).

ABL. se (sese), ([by] himself, herself, itself, themselves).

Possessive Pronouns

These are really adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are so declined.

Demonstrative Pronouns

The Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out or designate a person or thing for special attention, either with nouns as Adjectives or alone as Pronouns. They are: hic (this); is, ille, iste (that); with the Intensive ipse (self), and idem (same).

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Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns

The Substantive Interrogative Pronouns are quis, M.F. (who?), quid, N. (what?)

The Indefinite Pronouns: quis (any one) and qui (any) are declined like the corresponding Interrogatives, but qua is commonly used for quae except in the nominative plural feminine:

SUBSTANTIVE: quis (any one); quid (anything). ADJECTIVE: qui, qua (quae), quod (any).

The Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns are originally of the same stem, and most of the forms are the same.

PREFIXES commonly used in Latin medical terms

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Substantivation of Adjectives

The process of converting adjectives and participles into nouns is called substantivation of adjectives or participles. That means that adjectives acquire characteristics of nouns and start functioning as nouns in a sentence. Ex. rich people → the rich. This process gave rise to a number of words denoting intestines, coats/tunics.

INTESTINES

ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS

Adjective compounds are adjectives consisting of 2 or 3 roots. They are used to denote anatomic formations, either spreading from 1 organ to another or related to 2 organs. As a rule, when several roots are combined to make one adjective, the linking ‘o’ is used.

Ex. Lat. nervus musculocutaneus (Eng. musculocutaneous nerve) Lat. musculus brachioradialis (Eng. brachioradial muscle)

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