1 курс / Латинский язык / Латинский_язык_и_основы_медицинской_терминологии_Жура_В_В_,_Мартинсон

6. FUTURE PERFECT: scripsero (I shall have written).

FORMS OF THE VERB

The Three Stems

The forms of the verb may be referred to three stems, called (1) the Present,

(2) the Perfect, and (3) the Supine stem.

1. On the Present stem are formed:

The Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative, Active and Passive. The Present and Imperfect Subjunctive, Active and Passive.

The Imperative, Active and Passive.

The Present Infinitive, Active and Passive.

The Present Participle, the Gerundive, and the Gerund. 2. On the Perfect stem are formed:

The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active.

The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Active.

The Perfect Infinitive Active.

3. On the Supine stem are formed:

The Perfect Passive Participle, which combines with the forms of the verb sum, be, to make:

The Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive. The Perfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive.

The Perfect Infinitive Passive.

The Future Active Participle, which combines with esse to make the Future Active Infinitive.

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The Supine in -um and -u. The Supine in -um combines with -iri to make the Future Passive Infinitive.

VERB-ENDINGS

Every form of the finite verb is made up of two parts:

1.The STEM. This is either the root or a modification or development of it.

2.The ENDING, consisting of--

1.the Signs of Mood and Tense.

2.the Personal Ending.

Thus in the verb voca-ba-s (you were calling), the root is VOC, modified into the verb-stem voca-, which by the addition of the ending - bas becomes the imperfect tense vocabas; and this ending consists of the tense-sign baand the personal ending (- s) of the second person singular.

Verbs are classed in Four Regular Conjugations, distinguished by the stemvowel which appears before - re in the Present Infinitive Active:

CONJUGATION : INFINITIVE ENDING STEM

The Principal Parts

The Principal Parts of a verb, showing the three stems which determine its conjugation throughout, are:

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1. The Present Indicative (as amo) 2. The Present Infinitive (as ama-re) showing the Present Stem.

3.The Perfect Indicative (as amav-i), showing the Perfect Stem.

4.The neuter of the Perfect Participle (as amat-um), or, if that form is not in use, the Future Active Participle (amaturus), showing the Supine Stem.

The regular forms of the Four Conjugations are seen in the following:

First Conjugation

Active, amo, amare, amavi, amatum (love).

Passive, amor, amari, amatus.

Present Stem ama-, Perfect Stem amav-, Supine Stem amat-.

Second Conjugation

Active, deleo, delere, delevi, deletum (blot out) .

Passive, deleor, deleri, deletus.

Present Stem dele-, Perfect Stem delev-, Supine Stem delet-.

Third Conjugation

Active, tego, tegere, texi, tectum (cover).

Passive, tegor, tegi, tectus.

Present Stem tege-, Perfect Stem tex-, Supine Stem tect-.

Fourth Conjugation

Active, audi, audire, audivi, auditum (hear).

Passive, audior, audiri, auditus.

Present Stem audi-, Perfect Stem audiv-, Supine Stem audit-.

Present Stem

The Present Stem is formed from the Root in all regular verbs in one of the following ways:

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In the First, Second, and Fourth conjugations, by adding a long vowel (a-, e-, i-) to the root, whose vowel is sometimes changed: as voca-re (VOC), mone-re (MEN), sopi-re (SOP).

In the Third Conjugation, by adding a short vowel e/o to the root. In Latin this e/o usually appears as i/u, but e is preserved in some forms. Thus, tegi-s (root TEG), ali-tis (AL), regu-nt (REG); but tege-ris (tege-re), ale-ris.

Perfect Stem

The Perfect Stem is formed as follows:

The suffix v (u) is added to the verb-stem: as, voca-v-i, audi-v-i; or to the root: as, son-u- i (sona-re, root SON), mon-u-i; (monere, MON treated as a root).

Supine Stem

The Supine Stem may be found by dropping -um from the Supine. It is formed by adding t (or, by a phonetic change, s):

To the present stem: as ama-t-um, dele-t-um, audi-t- um.

To the root, with or without i: as, cap-t-um (capio, CAP), moni-t-um (moneo, MON).

Forms of Conjugation

The forms of the several conjugations from which, by adding the verbendings all the moods and tenses can be made are as follows:

The First Conjugation includes all verbs which add a- to the root to form the present stem: as ama-re; with a few whose root ends in -a.

The Second Conjugation includes all verbs which add e- to the root to form the present stem: as mone-re; with a few whose root ends in –e.

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The Third Conjugation includes all verbs which add e- to the root to form the present stem: as tegere, cape-re; with a few whose root ends in e.

The Fourth Conjugation includes all verbs which add i- to the root to form the present stem: as audґ-re.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 2

LATIN VERBS

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Exercises

1. Translate the terms into Latin:

Xeroform ointment, dibazol solution, peppermint tincture, papaverine solution, infusion of peppermint leaves, infusion of sage leaves, adrenalin solution, peppermint oil, amidopyrine granules, ichthammol ointment, infusion of eucalyptus leaves, sulfadimine tablets, eucalyptus oil, emulsion of castor oil.

2.Translate the sentences into Latin:

1.Add 5 ml of castor oil. 2. Take 30 gram of xeroform ointment. 3. Mix 10 ml of lily-of-the-valley tincture and 15 ml of valerian tincture. 4. Add 3 ml of peppermint oil. 5. Give out 25 gram of synthomycine liniment. 6. Take 20 gram of emulsion of castor oil. 7. Give out 20 ml of adrenalin solution. 8. Sterilize 20 ml of castor oil. 9. Give out suppositories in the amount of 6. 10. Take 5 ml of dibazol solution. Sterilize! Give out! Indicate! 11. Take 10 gram of sage leaves and 20 gram of peppermint leaves. Mix to get a tea. 12. Take 1.2 gram of xeroform and 20 ml of castor oil. Mix to get liniment. 13. Take 30 gram of

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ichthammol ointment. Give out. Indicate. 14. Take 10 ml of lily-of-the-valley tincture and 20 ml of valerian tincture. Mix. Give out. Indicate.

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UNIT 3

ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES. PREPOSITIONS.

BASIC RULES OF PRESCRIPTION FORMAT

So far only two cases – the Nominative and Genitive – sufficed for translating medical terms. For the purposes of prescription writing two more cases

– the Accusative and Ablative – are necessary.

The Accusative is a case of direct verb object, the case of nouns following transitive verbs. The following rules apply for nouns and adjectives:

Rules of neuter gender. All nouns and adjectives of neuter gender irrespectively of their declension follow these patterns:

1.The Accusative Singular ending is the same as the Nominative Singular of this word: linimentum compositum, semen dulce, suppositorium rectale.

2.The Accusative Plural ending is the same as the Nominative Plural ending and, irrespectively of the declension, is always –a(-ia); e.g. linimenta composita, semina dulcia, suppositoria rectalia. The ending –ia is only given to neuter nouns in –e, -al, -ar (III declension) and to adjectives of the 2nd group (III declension).

Masculine and feminine genders. Masculine and Feminine nouns and adjectives have a common ending element –m in the Accusative Singular, -s in the Accusative Plural preceded by different vowels depending on the declension.

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The ending –im in the Accusative Singular is given to Greek nouns in –sis like dosis, is f and some Latin nouns: febris, is f; tussis, is f; pelvis, is f.

The Ablative is an instrumental case and the case of nouns that are prepositional objects. It also has some other functions.

Prepositions in Latin can be only used with either the Accusative or the Ablative case. Each preposition has to be followed by a particular case. Most of the prepositions below were covered in the sections on Anatomical and Clinical terminology as prefixes so their meanings are clear.

1. Prepositions followed by nouns in the Ablative:

ad – up to, in (a disease), for: ad 20.0 (up to 20 g); ad usum internum (for internal use); ad decubitum (in bedsores)

contra – against; contra tussim (against cough)

inter – between; inter costas (between ribs)

per – via, through; per os (through the mouth); per inhalationem (with the help of inhalation)

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