1 курс / Латинский язык / Латинский_язык_и_основы_медицинской_терминологии_Жура_В_В_,_Мартинсон

5. Use the verbal stems below to build nouns with the suffix –or-. Translate the derived words:

Constrictum (squeeze, compress); depressum (lower, press down); injectum (inject); supinatum (to draw up or back); erectum (erect); monitum (remind, supervise); excavatum (excavate); acceptum (accept); receptum (receive); ordinatum (bring in order); extractum (extract).

6. Use the verbal stems below to build nouns with the suffix –ura-. Translate the new words:

Junctum (connect); strictum (compress, squeeze); curvatum (bend); fissum (split, splinter); commisum (connect); sutum (stitch); fractum (break); contractum (contract).

7. Translate the clinical terms, explain the meaning of the suffixes:

Perforatio appendīcis, abscessus chronicus, abscessus hepatic ascaridosus, glaucōma malignum pigmentosum, glaucōma juvenīle, polypus fibrosus, cancer papillaris, eruptio medicamentosa, ulcus gangraenosum, cysta dentalis radicularis, cysta palatina, cancer pulmonis, penetratio ulceris.

8. Translate the following terms into English:

Cysta apicalis dentium; morbus infectiosus; hepar cystosum; icterus hepatogenus; hernia cerebralis occipitalis; abscessus hepatic ascaridosus; eczema vesiculosum; sectio venae, seu venesectio; extractio foetus; contractura vesicae urinariae; contractura articulationis acquisita; inflammatio serosa; inflammatio vesiculosa; perforatio palati duri; perforatio perinei; hernia hiatus esophagei; paralysis spastica; eczema squamosum; oedema pharyngis; hernia lineae albae.

9. Translate the following terms into English:

Hepatic coma, lymphogenic cyst of the neck, transverse fracture, longitudinal fracture, diffuse abscess, diabetic coma, varicose ulcer, chronic ulcer, femoral hernia, diaphragmatic hernia, hernia of the white line, dental apical cyst, acute caries of the tooth, acute duodenal ileus, hypertonic disease.

121

10. Translate the following terms into English:

122

Occlusion of the thoracic duct; occlusion of the carotid artery; occlusion of the uterus; obturation of the lung; resection of the pylorus; traumatic perforation of an eye; nasal obturation; brain concussion, concussion of the thorax; lumbar puncture; placental infection; acute caries of a tooth; resection of the stomach; contracture of the spinal column; perforation of the diverticulum; extirpation of the uterus; infantile cerebral paralysis; tooth fracture; facial spasm; bronchial spasm; cerebellar paresis; infectious jaundice; psychic trauma; hepatic colic; uterine colic; diabetic gangrene; gangrene of the lung; senile gangrene; lobular pneumonia; acute disease.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 1

123

124

125

UNIT 2

COMPOUND WORDS

General Information

If a word is composed of two or three stems, it is called a compound word. Many words of both Greek and Latin origin are compound words. Compound words may be built in two different ways: 1. by joining two or more stems together; 2. by joining two or more stems together and adding a suffix.

Cf. rhinencephalon and sphenooccipitalis

Compound words derived from genuinely Latin stems are not numerous among modern anatomical terms. They were mostly artificially derived in the post-antiquity period, cf. lymphonodus (lymph node) and fibrocartilago (fibrous cartilage).

There are some “hybrids” among those artificially derived words, with one of the stems of Latin origin and the other of Greek origin, e.g. neocortex (Greek neo + Latin cortex – new cortex); myoseptum (Greek mys, myos + Latin septum - muscular septum/partition).

There are a few noun compounds among anatomical terms, while adjective compounds are quite common. The stems used for them may be monolingual (either Latin or Greek), e.g. Latin tibionavicularis, septomarginalis; Greek pterygopharyngeus, thoracoacromialis. At the same time there are a lot of hybrid compounds: musculoperoneus (Greek peroneus + Latin musculus), zygomaticofrontalis, etc.

While in Latin there were very few compounds, in Greek compound words were very common. All anatomical compound terms were derived from Greek stems. They are also numerous among histological terms (e.g. cytus – cell from Greek kytos – vessel, cavity, blastus – immature cell from Greek blastos – embryo, etc).

126

Free and Bound Stems

Many components of compound terms which used to function independently in Greek and Latin do not occur as separate words any longer. Thus, once independent Greek words iateria (treating); paideia (upbringing, education); kardia (heart); penia (shortage); philia (love, predisposition for) are used as combining forms (stems) to derive a number of words (psychiatria, orthopaedia, thrombopenia, spasmophilia, tachycardia, etc.). They are bound stems (combining forms). There are also some forms which may be used to derive new words or may function as independent words. They are called free stems.

Different fields of medical science tend to use either Latin or Greek terms to designate one and the same organ. In normal anatomy (studying the anatomical structure of a normal body) Latin independent stems are traditionally used. In pathological anatomy (studying disorders of the organism’s development) derivatives of Greek stems are in wide use.

There are just a few cases when in both fields similar words borrowed from the same language are in use: Greek hepar, oesophagus, larynx, pharynx, tonsilla, thorax, ureter, urethra, encephalon, etc. These words may also become part of compound clinical terms: hepatomegalia, encephalitis, etc. Therefore, anatomical words are predominantly Latin, while clinical compounds were derived from Greek bound stems.

There are some exceptions from this rule. For example, the word pulmonologia (a science of lung diseases and their treatment) includes the Latin stem pulmon- (lung), while another clinical tem pneumonia (lung inflammation) includes the Greek stem pneumo- (lung).

Some Peculiarities of Compound Words

1. Linking vowel (interfix).

Stems are joined into a single word by means of a linking vowel (interfix). The most common linking vowel is –o-. The vowel –i- is of rare occurrence. In ancient Greek words only –o- occurs, in Latin words –i- is used, e.g. Latin aur-i-scalpum

127

(auris ear + scalpo to clean, to cut out) – ear-cleaner; viv-i-ficatio (vivus alive + facio to do) – resuscitation. In derivatives of later origin this regularity does not hold true. –O- is commonly used to derive words from both Greek and Latin stems (neur-o-cranium, cary-o-lysis, auropalpebralis, nasolacrimalis). –I- may help to combine Greek stems: embol-i-formis.

A linking vowel is not used when the first stem ends in a vowel or the second stem begins with a vowel: brady-cardia; brachy-dactylia; rhinencephalon.

2. Derivational stem (basis).

In Latin and Greek there are many words whose Nominative and Genitive Singular forms differ: Latin cortex, icis (cortex, bark); Greek soma, somatos (body). In such cases the Genitive Singular stem is used as a derivational stem or basis: pariet-o-graphia, cortic-o-visceralis. Anyway, there are some exceptional cases when the derivational stem is represented by the Genitive form in one word and the Nominative form in another, e.g. Greek pan-, pant- (all) – pan-demia, pant-o-phobia; mega-, megal- (large) – mega-colon, megal-o-blastus.

3. Phonetic and graphic variability of stems.

The assimilation of Greek stems by the norms of the Latin language is different. Some words retained the original pronunciation and spelling, others were adjusted to Latin norms. This accounts for the fact why one and the same word may be spelt differently: cheir – chir (hand).

Position and Meaning of a Combining Form

Combining forms are mainly monosemantic (have one meaning), though, some of them may be polysemantic (have two or more meanings), e.g. the stem onco- (Greek onkos – heap, mass, volume) in some words has the meaning

“volume, mass” (oncogramma – a curve showing changes in volume; oncometria

– measuring the volume of tissues and organs), while in others it means “tumour” (oncogenesis – process of tumour development; oncologist – physician specializing in treating tumours and preventing their development).

128

As a rule, the position of a stem in the structure of words does not affect their meanings. No matter where it occurs, it retains the same meaning:

Megalo- = -megalia (increase)

Blepharo- = -blepharia (eyelid)

Some units may occur both at the beginning and at the end of a word. Others occur in a fixed position (e.g. final position –cele, -clasia; initial position auto-, brady-, laparo-).

NOTE 1. The position of a combining form within a compound word as well as its particular meaning may account for arising nuances of the summarized (total) meaning of the derived word. Thus, haemo-, haemato- and –aemia convey the general meaning ‘related to blood’. At the same time the final –aemia denotes blood as a medium, where some substances are found. Besides, their presence and concentration in this medium are considered to be pathological factors (azotaemia, uraemia, bacteriaemia).

If haemo- or haemato- combines with the name of an organ, the summarized meaning is collection of blood in the cavity of an organ, bleeding, e.g. haematomyelia – spinal cord bleeding; haemarthrosis – collection of blood in the cavity of a joint.

NOTE 2. The total meaning of the derived word is not just a mere summation of separate meanings: gastrojejunoplastica (Greek gaster – stomach + Latin jejunum – jejunum + plastica – reparative, plastic surgery) – a surgery to replace the stomach for a segment of the jejunum.

NOTE 3. For consistency of interpretation of a compound term one should start analyzing its final stem: gastro-entero-logia (logia – science of; gastro – stomach; entero – intestine).

Vocabulary Extensions of this section of the manual are arranged as tables in which Greek, Latin and English stems are correlated. To be able to use these stems for deriving compound clinical terms it is sufficient to memorize either the root or the stem of a word. In case stems of a word vary one should remember both the Nominative and Genitive stems, e.g. derm(o)- and dermat(o)- (skin).

129

EXERCISES

1. Explain the meaning of Latin terms:

A. Osteologia, pathologia, osteoarthropathia, stomatologia, somatologia, somatoscopia, acroalgia, spondylodynia, arthropathia, cardiographia, hormonotherapia, nosologia, brachialgia, logopathia, spondylographia, rhinologia, osteogenus, odontogenus, hepatogenus, glossalgia, odontalgia, pancreatodynia, lymphonodus, thyreopathia, thyroglossus, ischiococcygeus, thyreog ěnus.

B.Podalgia, acheiria, chiroscopia, gonalgia, apodia, chirospasmus, macropodia, brachiocephalicus (a, um).

C.Cheilodynia, ulodynia, gnathodynia, genioglossus, geniohyoideus, meloplastica, gnathoplastica.

2. Explain the meaning of the English terms:

Somatic, analgetic, acropathy, arthrography, enteroscope, enterology, esophagodynia, rhinogenic, pathogenic, rhinopharyngoscopy, somatogenic, somatometry, osteoarthropathy, hepatology, stethoscope, cardial, cardiovascular, glossodynia, enteropathy, rhinoscope, pancreatalgia, micrognathia, gnathopathy, gnathospasm.

3. Build terms matching the description:

Pain in the joint; caused by heart, i.e. of cardiac origin; caused by liver condition; caused by teeth development; measuring of head; examination of mouth; examination of nose; X-ray examination of brain; disease of extremities; disease of teeth; disease of brain; toothache; disease of nose; disease of joints; disease of heart; heartache.

4. Explain the meaning of the terms below:

Encephalometry, craniometry, cardiogram, bronchoesophagoscope, radiohepatography, pathoanatomic, pancreatalgia, heliotherapy (Greek helios – sun), peritoneoscopy, pelvigraphy, pelviscopy, vasodilation, cephalogram, cephalograph, cephalography, logotherapy, electrotherapy, somatoreceptor,

130