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nosography, glossospasm, cardiospasm (ostium cardiacum), duodenography, rheohepatography, rectoscope, acropigmentation, pathogenic, pathogenicity, pathology.

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VOCABULARY EXTENSION 2

Most common clinical combining forms

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Names of Organs and Body Parts

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UNIT 3

SUFFIXES –ŌSIS, -IĀSIS, -ĪTIS, - ŌMA, ĪSMUS

IN CLINICAL TERMS

I. Suffixes –ōsis, -iāsis. These suffixes are commonly used to derive new words from the stems of nouns and verbs. The derived words have the meaning

‘process or result of what is indicated by the stem’, e.g. stenosis – narrowing (process and its result); sclerosis – hardening (process and its result); narcosis – narcosis, numbness; lithiasis – stone formation; helminthiasis or helminthosis – helminthiasis or helminthosis, a disease caused by helminthes; psoriasis – psoriasis, a skin disease; amoebiasis – amebiasis; mitosis (Gr. mitos – thread) – mitosis, the main way of cell division; phagocytosis – (phagos – swallowing + cytus – cell) phagocytosis.

The bulk of derivatives with the suffix –osis have the general meaning

‘pathological process, a degenerative disease, a chronic morbid condition’. The derivational stems may convey one of the following meanings:

a)tissue, organ, part of a body or system of an organism affected by a disease, e.g. fibrosis – fibrous transformation; nephrosis – a degenerative disease of renal tubules; neurosis – a functional disturbance of the nervous system; psychosis – a mental disorder;

b)substance causing a disease, e.g. toxicosis (Gr. toxicon – poison) – a disease caused by toxic, poisonous substances; amyloidosis – amyloid deposits in tissues;

c)causative agent or infection, e.g. ascaridosis – a disease caused by ascarides; actinomycosis – a chronic infectious disease caused by Actinomyces (kind of fungi).

NOTE. If a stem denotes a blood corpuscle or tumour, the derivative acquires the meaning ‘spread, dissemination, proliferation’ of what is designated by the derivational stem, e.g. leucocytosis – increase in the number of leucocytes in the

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peripheral blood; fibromatosis – multiple fibromas (fibroma, atis). II. Suffix –ītis in the names of inflammatory diseases.

Since XVIII century the suffix –ītis has been used to build names of inflammatory diseases, e.g. gastritis – inflammation of the gastric mucosa; nephritis – inflammation of kidneys. Greek and seldom Latin names of organs and tissues can be used as derivational stems. The derived words are feminine nouns of III declension which end in –itǐdis in the Genitive Singular: bronchītis, bronchitǐdis; meningītis, meningitǐdis.

III. Suffix –ōma in the names of tumours.

In medical terminology the stems of nouns and adjectives denoting tissues are combined with the suffix –ōma to build the names of tumours, e.g. fibr—ōma –benign tumour of fibrous connective tissue; oste–ōma – benign tumour of osseous tissue. The names of tumours are neuter nouns of III declension which end in –ǎtis in the Genitive Singular: osteōma, osteomǎtis; fibrōma, fibromǎtis.

Names of malignant tumours are derived from the stems whose meaning has an indication to a tissue, e.g. carcinōma (Gr. karkinos – cancer, Gr. karkinōma

– ulcer, cancer) – cancer, malignant tumour of epithelium; sarcōma (Gr. sarks, sarkos – meat, flesh, Gr. sarkōma – fleshy wart, tumour) – malignant tumour of mesenchymal origin.

NOTE 1. The general meaning ‘tumour’ is conveyed by a number of terms: tumor, oris, m; blastoma, ǎtis, n (Gr. blastos – embryonic or immature cell); neoplasma, ǎtis – newgrowth, as well as by the stem onco- (Gr. oncos – mass, volume).

NOTE 2. In ancient Greek the suffix –ōma was used to build verbal nouns having the general meaning ‘result of the action designated by the derivational stem of a verb’, e.g. symptōma – symptom; stoma – stome as well as names of eye diseases: glaucōma, trachōma.

IV. Suffix – ismus.

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The meanings of nouns derived by means of this suffix may vary. They may denote phenomena, properties or facts marked with a characteristic signified by the stem, e.g. infantilismus (Lat. infantīlis – infantile) – pathological state characterized by retarded physical or mental development when infantile or juvenile qualities are preserved; strabismus (Gr.) - strabismus, squint; alcoholismus (Arab.) – alcoholism; virilismus – (Lat. virilis – virile, male) – the general name for a group of syndromes (male features in females); daltonismus (after the English chemist and physicist Dalton) – colour-blindness.

Contracted Compounds

1. If one or several derivational stems are included in a new word in a contracted form this word is called a contracted compound. Thus, if the first element was derived from the stem of an adjective including –o(id)-, -al- (-ar-), - os-, -ic-, the derivational stem loses this suffix. The contracted stem, therefore, coincides with the root of the corresponding noun.

Many derivatives of this kind were built with the help of the root morpheme thyr(e)o- (Gr. thyreos – shield) cut off the stem of the adjective thyr(e)oideus, which is used in a number of phrases (glandula thyr(e)oidea – thyroid gland; cartilago thyr(e)oidea – thyroid cartilage), cf. thyreotropus – affecting the thyroid gland; thyreotomia – dissection of the thyroid cartilage; thyreotoxicosis – thyreotoxicosis.

2. If the word from which a new one is derived is a compound one, then one of the root morphemes may be omitted. For example, in pathological terms, namely, in terms denoting functional disorders of blood, the root morpheme cytus is often omitted, e. g. leucocytus, but leucopenia (instead of leucocytopenia).

EXERCISES

1. Use the stems below to build terms with the meaning ‘inflammation’:

Gaster, oesophagus, ventriculus, larynx, appendix, periodontium, pharynx.

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2. Use the stems below to build terms denoting different kinds of tumour:

Neur-, lip-, angi-, oste-, aden-.

3. Single out derivational stems/morphemes, explain their meaning:

A. Acidosis, coniosis (Greek konia – dust), pneumoconiosis, ascaridosis, mycosis (Greek mykos – fungus), fibrosis (proliferation of fibrous tissue), osteofibrosis, enterogenus, lymphologia, lymphocytus, lymphocytosis, lymphocytoma, lymphoma, morphinismus, mercurialismus, arthrosis, arthritis, ovocytus, nephrosis, nephritis, hepatosis, hepatitis, spondylosis, spondylitis, thrombocytosis, amoebiasis, pyelitis, helminthosis, silicosis (from silicon), myocardium, myocardiosclerosis, myocardiofibrosis, oncologia, myositis (NB!), myoma, adenocarcinoma, ventriculitis, thrombosis, rhinitis, fibrosarcoma, thrombocytus, haematogenus.

B.Omphalitis, typhlitis, oophoritis, dacryocystitis, trachelitis s. cervicitis, salpingitis, orchitis, gonarthrosis, mastoiditis, thyreotoxicosis, sigmoiditis, thyreocytus, thyreoiditis, gigantismus, ureteritis, thymoma, adenocarcinoma.

C.Cheilosis, cheilitis, gingivitis s. ulitis, parodontitis, pulpitis, meloschisis, meloplastica, uranoplastica, geniohyoideus, fluorosis, genioglossus, odontoma, glossoptosis, papillitis, cheilognathouranoschisis, sinusitis maxillaris s. highmoritis.

4. Translate the following into English:

Ars obstetrica, abrasio uteri, sectio caesarea, hernia vaginalis, hernia subcutanea, lymphocytosis infectiosa acuta, atherosclerosis obliterans, colitis cystosa, colitis superficialis, resectio pylori, carcinoma in situ, graviditas abdominalis, colitis ulcerosa non specifica, inflammatio fibrinosa, inflammatio purulenta, blastoma malignum (s. tumor malignus), sarcoma osteogĕnum, chondromatosis ossium, punctio pancreatoduodenalis, ductus biliferi, hernia femoralis, refluxus intestinorenalis, tumor maturus s. blastoma maturum, splenitis maligna, pyelitis cystosa, pyelonephrosis chronica, pyelonephritis tuberculosa, arthritis migrans, bursitis articulationis genus, ankylosis dentium, partus maturus, occlusio anterior,

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albuminuria gravidarum, bursitis radiohumeralis, lien mob ĭlis, splenopexia, carcinoma ovarii, ruptura vulvae, vestibuli et vaginae, carcinoma renis, carcinoma mammae, carcinoma fibrosum, carcinoma gigantocellulare, tumor malignus, tumor benignus, carcinoma hepatocellulare, refluxus caecoiliacus, ileus congenītus, pleuritis carcinomatosa, osteoarthrosis senilis.

5. a) Form names of inflammatory diseases of the following organs:

Mouth, tongue, stomach, peritoneum, rectum, ureter, kidney, spleen, urethra, bladder, gallbladder, brain, larynx, meninges, trachea, tonsil, joint, uterus, renal pelvis, spine, pleura, biliary ducts, pancreas.

b) Form names of tumours developing from the tissues of:

Cartilage, bone, muscle, liver, lymph, tooth, epithelium, endothelium, connective tissue (fibr-).

6. Single out derivational stems/morphemes, explain their meaning:

A.Splanchnologia, gastroenterologia, intestinoplastica, ileocoloplastica, colpoperineotomia, laparotomia, laparothoracotomia, gastrectasia, bronchectasis, vagotomia, spondylotomia, enteroptosis, proctospasmus, hydrotherapia, pneumonopexia, stenocardia, ileosigmostomia (sigmoid colon – part of the colon), pylorostenosis, choledochoplastica, choledochostomia, colostoma, colostomia, acroparalysis, choledochogastrotomia, splenoptosis, hysteroscopia, tomographia, nephrotomographia, nephrostomia, splenitis, hepaticoduodenostomia, splenorrhaphia, osteomalacia, chondromalacia, splanchnoptosis, metroplastica, pancreatotomia, pancreatocholangioroentgenographia, thoracolaparotomia, thoracogastroschisis.

B.Salpingolўsis, patellodēsis, renoprīvus, thyreoprīvus, ovarioprīvus, dacryocystographia, colporrhaphia, metreurynter, rhachischisis, salpingectomia, trachelotomia, rhachiotomia, thoracocentesis, cranioschisis, dacryocystostenosis, laparocentesis, arthrodesis, cardiorrhexis, spondylodesis, cholangioma, spondylographia, urethritis, hysterocervicotomia, ureterographia, ureterotomia,

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orchipexia, orchiectomia, diverticulectomia, salpingostomia, cholangitis, colpopexia, splenoportographia, osteolysis.

7. Translate the following diagnoses:

Gangrenous pneumonia, superficial inguinal hernia, acquired valvular disease, congenital cyst, open fracture, closed fracture, malignant tumour, alveolar cancer, skin cancer, mucosal cancer, alveolar sarcoma, multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma, acute appendicitis, serous hepatitis, purulent hepatitis, gluteal hernia, congenital glaucoma, complicated caries.

8. Build single-word Latin terms:

A.Pain in the spine, fixation of kidney, kidney prolapse, removal of uterus, dissection of abdomen, dissection of kidney, fixation of colon, dissection of colon, placing a new opening on colon, tooth tumour, spasm of colon, removal of prostate, fixation of spleen, pain in the region of the rectum, fixation of rectum, softening of: bone, cartilage, brain; restorative surgery on larynx, dilation of lungs, removal of tonsils.

B.Inflammation of the vagina, sigmoid colon, sinus; reparative surgery of the vagina and perinaeum; rupture of the vagina; incision of the navel; inflammation of the lacrimal sac; dilation of the lacrimal sac; x-ray of uterine tubes; inflammation of uterine tubes and ovaries; making a fistula in a uterine tube; method of dilating the vagina; bone destruction; instrument for dilating the rectum; cleft vertebra.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 3

Names of body parts and organs

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