1 курс / Латинский язык / Латинский_язык_и_основы_медицинской_терминологии_Жура_В_В_,_Мартинсон

A. Partition of frontal sinuses; sinus of hollow veins of right atrium of heart; opening of pulmonary veins of the left atrium of heart; chiasm of tendons; long muscles driving up ribs; retaining band of tendons of flexor muscles; interbuccal pouches of gluteal muscles; vessels of vessels.

B.Ligaments of tendons; fibrous vaginas of fingers; upper retaining band of tendons of fibular muscles; short muscles driving up ribs; medial and lateral plates of pterygoid processes.

C.Medial surface of incisors and canines; canals of greater and lesser petrosal nerves; lateral commissure of eyelids; lingual surface of incisors and premolars; partition of sphenoid sinuses; commissures of lips.

5. Translate the following terms into Latin:

A.Posterior ligament of head of peroneal bone; visceral face of spleen; lobes of liver; general carotic plexus; furrows of dura mater of brain; general hepatic duct; muscle driving up partition of nose; short gastric veins; cerebrospinal ganglion; muscles of head; sphincter of common bile duct; the broadest muscle of the back; vessels of vessels; fibrous and synovial joints; internal acoustic passage; bulb of occipital horn; ligaments of liver; greater tympanic spine; parietal tuber; lesser palatine canals; sacroiliac posterior ligaments; cartilage incisures; bifurcation of pulmonary trunk; venous network; upper constrictor muscle of pharynx; gluteal muscles; red bone marrow; sinus of hollow veins of right atrium of heart; nuclei of cranial nerves; right and left kidneys; pelvic ganglions; renal pelvis; alar ligaments, buccal glands.

B.Trochanteric pouch of the greatest gluteal muscle; parietal peritoneum; body of gallbladder; external entrance of urethra; vagina of styloid process; additional vertebral vein; areas of body; muscles of larynx, abdomen, chest; diaphragm of pelvis; ligaments of knee; broad ligaments of uterus; fibrous vagina of fingers of hand; muscular coat of urinary bladder; upper edge of suprarenal gland; muscles of perinaeum; right pulmonary veins; ganglions of visceral plexuses.

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C. Posterior lingual glands; median furrow of tongue; accessory nasal cartilages; greater and lesser petrosal nerves; alveolar part of lower jaw; superior and inferior walls of orbit; mobile part of partition of nose; glands of mouth; muscles of face; masseteric muscles; submandibular lymphatic nodes; inferior dental arch; interdental space; incisive canal.

6. Read aloud, translate:

Tunica serosa esophagi, curvatura major gastris, foramen magnum, fornix pharyngis, ductus hepaticus sinister, tunica serosa intestini tenuis, articulatio simplex, articulatio composita, impressio cardiaca hepatis, juncturae ossium, retinaculum mm. extensorum inferius.

Nervus musculi tensoris veli palatini, hiatus canalis nervi petrosi minoris, apex radicis dentis, tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, commissura labiorum, pars libera gingivae, rete capillare subepitheliale, glandulae salivariae majores, ramus lateralis tubuli dentini, papillae fungiformes.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 11

A

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SECTION II

CLINICAL TERMS

UNIT I

TERM BUILDING. CLINICAL TERMS

All medical terminological subsystems are abundant in various derivatives of Greek and Latin origin. They are most numerous among clinical terms. The notion clinical terms embraces a number of terminological systems functioning in the sphere of medical and biological science which studies a sick organism. This sphere is traditionally called pathology (Greek pathos – suffering, disease + logos - science, theory). Pathology studies the clinical picture of a disease, i.e. its symptoms and signs, disturbances of physiological functions and structural

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changes in organs and tissues. The terminological subsystems of pathological anatomy and pathological physiology underlie clinical terminology in general.

Clinical terms proper designate various objects, processes and phenomena related to prevention and diagnostics of diseases, their differentiation with the help of the names of specific nosological (Greek nosos – disease) units or combining forms as well as to the ways of examining and treating patients. Clinical terms are also names of medical devices, instruments, equipment, etc.

This section of the manual studies the issues of derivative structure of words. It also describes the ways and the most common patterns of term building as well as the most frequent stems and derivational morphemes.

General Notions of Word Building

The word may be divided into smaller meaningful elements. They are a prefix, root, suffix, ending (termination). All these minimal word elements are called morphemes (Greek morph – form).

The main meaning is expressed by the root. Prefixes and suffixes may be added to the root to derive new words. The ending of the word contains information about its gender, number and case.

The part of the word preceding the ending makes its stem.

Patterns of Word Building

Words may be derived both using affixes and without using them. In the former case affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are joined to the derivational stems (bases). The latter way is the way of making compound words. A compound word is the word consisting of more than one derivational stem. A simple word is the

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one including only one stem, e.g. costalis, auricularis are simple words; costoauricularis is an adjective compound.

There are also mixed ways of word formation:

1)using both suffixes and prefixes;

2)compound words using suffixes;

3)contracted compounds, etc.

Suffixation

Suffixation is adding a suffix to the derivational stem. Suffixes also modify the meaning of the stem. When added to the stem, the so-called diminutive suffixes –ul-(-cul-), -ol- derive the words with the meaning ‘an object denoted by a stem but of smaller size’ – lobulus, tuberculum, foveola. Verbal nouns with the suffix –io convey the general meaning of a process or an action (flexio – flexing, rotatio – rotation, curatio – treatment). Nouns derived with the help of the suffix – or- may designate either a tool or an instrument used for performing an action or an agent of an action (m. flexor – flexing muscle; prosector – a person performing an autopsy).

Suffixes may be joined to the stems of nouns, adjectives and verbs. Definite suffixes may be added to the stems of particular parts of speech, for example, suffix –al-(-ar-) may be joined only to the stems of nouns; the suffixes –io, -or only to verbal stems.

NOTE 1. Suffixes starting with a consonant are joined to roots with the help of the linking vowel, as a rule, -i- in Latin words and -o- in Greek words, e.g. Latin cruc-i-formis (crosslike), tuberos-i-tas (tuberosity); Greek bronch-o- genus (bronchogenic).

NOTE 2. While deriving adjectives suffixes are added to the stem of a noun (Genitive Singular form – ending), e.g. thorax, acis → thorac-ic-cus; cartilage, inis → cartilagin-e-us.

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NOTE 3. As a rule, both the derivational stem and the suffix belong to one and the same language (either Latin or Greek). However, there are many so called hybrid words which include Greek stems and Latin suffixes: bronchi-al-is, acromi-al-is, pyramid-al-is, petr-os-us, arteri-os-us, etc. Some words consist of both Greek and Latin suffixes: spheno-id-al-is (-id – Greek; -al – Latin).

Commonly Used Latin and Latinized Greek Suffixes

Suffixes of nouns

1. Diminutives –nouns whose meaning has an indication of a smaller size.

The derived word retains the gender of the word from which it was produced.

2. Nouns with the general meaning ‘action, process’:

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NOTE. These nouns are very common in medical Latin. They denote various kinds of surgery, ways of examination, treatment, physiological functions, theoretical concepts in various subjects, e.g. auscultatio (auscultation, listening to); percussio (percussion, tapping); palpatio (palpation, feeling). All these three terms name the methods of examining inner organs.

3. Nouns with the general meaning ‘object (organ, instrument, device)’ which is used to perform an action or with the meaning ‘an agent of an action’.

4. Nouns with the general meaning ‘action result’:

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2.Adjectives with the general meaning ‘belonging to or related to what is indicated by the stem’.

NOTE. Stems of Greek nouns are mostly joined by the suffix ē-us which is also of Greek origin, Latin stems are joined by the Latin suffix –ě-us whose meaning is

‘characterized by’ or ‘consisting of/made of what is indicated by the stem’: oss-ě- us (bony); cartilagin-ě-us (cartilaginous).

3. Adjectives with the general meaning ‘resembling the object designated by the stem of the word’:

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Most adjectives of this type were artificially derived by anatomists in XVII century.

4. Adjectives with the general meaning ‘carrying what is designated by the stem’:

5. Adjectives with the general meaning:

1)‘producing, causing a thing designated by the stem’;

2)‘produced/caused by a thing designated by the stem’.

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EXERCISES

1. Explain the meaning of the suffixes, translate the terms:

Papilla parotidéa, ductus pancreaticus, fossa condylaris, fossula petrosa ossis temporalis, incisura fibularis, processus styloideus, ductus hepaticus, os scaphoideum, palatum osseum, vena gastrica, m. gluteus, arteria meningéa, ductuli prostatici, fossa canina maxillae, cavitas medullaris, cornu sacrale, apex ossis sacri, tuber ischiadicum, systema nervosum centrale.

2.Build adjectives with the general meaning ‘similar to, alike’:

Sword (Gr. xiphos), awl, style (Gr. stylos), trapezium (Gr. trapezion), web (Gr. arachne), shield (Gr. thyreos), wing (Gr. pteryg-), nipple (Gr. mastos), wedge (Lat. cuneus), fungus (Lat. fungus), spindle (Lat. fusum), worm (Lat. vermis), pear (Lat. pirum)

3.Build Latin adjectives with the general meaning

‘rich in”:

Fibers (fibrous), mucus (mucous), caverns (cavernous), ganglions, glomerules, granules, vessels, tubers, pigment;

‘related to/’pertaining to’:

thorax, tympanum, diaphragm, carotid, stomach, thalamus, lymph, ureter.

4. Use the verbal stem below to build nouns with the suffix –io. Translate the derived words:

A.Resectum (excise, cut out); exstirpatum (eradicate, exsturpate); sectum (incise, cut open); punctum (puncture); extractum (extract); extensum (extend).

B.Obturatum (obturate, obstruct); occlusum (occlude); contractum (contract); luxatum (luxate); invasum (invade); transfusum (transfuse); secretum (secrete); depressum (depress, press down); commotum (concuss); compressum (compress, squeeze); infectum (impregnate, infect); selectum (select); mutatum (mutate, modify); injectum (inject); perforatum (perforate); penetratum (penetrate).

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