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THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES

(CONSONANT AND i-STEMS)

Adjectives of the Third Declension are thus classified:

1.Adjectives of Three Terminations in the nominative singular, one for each gender: as acer, acris, acre.

2.Adjectives of Two Terminations: masculine and feminine forms are the same: as levis (M., F.), leve (N.).

3.Adjectives of One Termination, the same ending for all three genders: as simplex.

Adjectives of Three and of Two Terminations

Adjectives of Three Terminations are thus declined: acer, acris, acre, keen, STEM acri-

levis, leve (light), STEM levi-

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The remaining adjectives of the third declension are Consonant stems; but most of them, except Comparatives, have the following forms of i-stems:

- i in the ablative singular (but often - e)

-ia in the nominative and accusative plural neuter -ium in the genitive plural

- is (as well as -es) in the accusative plural masculine and feminine. In the other cases they follow the rule for Consonant stems.

These adjectives, except stems in l- or r-, form the nominative singular from the stem by adding s: as, atrox (stem atroc- + s), egens (stem egent- + s).

Here belong the present participles in -ns (stem nt-): as amans, monens. They are declined like egens.

Adjectives of one termination are declined as follows: atrox (fierce), STEM atroc-; egens (needy), STEM egent-

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EXERCISES

1. Read the words. State their Dictionary Entry Form:

A.Vertebra thoracica; arcus vertebrae; basis ossis sacri; labium mediale lineae asperae; sulcus sinus sigmoidei; tuber maxillae; tunica mucosa linguae; ductus bilĭfer; os frontale; arcus costalis; tuberculum pharyngeum; glandula alveolaris simplex; sinus maxillaris; facies maxillae; foramen vertebrale; facies articularis; processus articularis; cornu sacrale; crista sacralis.

B.Corpus vertebrae thoracicae; sinus petrosus; sulcus sinus petrosi; lamina horizontalis ossis palatini, os ethmoidale; lamina orbitalis ossis ethmoidalis; arteria temporalis media; sulcus arteriae temporalis mediae; os occipitale; pars petrosa ossis occipitalis; sinus trunci pulmonalis.

2. Make the following adjectives agree with the given nouns, translate them into Latin. Mind the word-order:

A.zygomatic (muscle, arch, bone); sphenoid (concha, bone, sinus); frontal (angle, suture, tuber, sinus, process, squama, bone); nasal (sinus, spine, bone); articular (process, face, tubercle); mastoid (process, notch); sciatic (tuber, notch, spine).

B.alveolar (process, arch, prominence); infraorbital (canal, opening, sulcus); ethmoid (foramen, crest, labyrinth); mental (tubercle, protuberance, foramen, spine).

3. Translate the terms into Latin:

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Petrosal branch; parietal lobe; superficial vein; spinous opening; internal capsule; thoracic fascia; oval opening; right scapula; cutaneous vein; profound vein; superficial vein; thyroid gland; spinous process; articular process; vertebral opening.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION 4

Adjectives of the 1st group (I, II Declensions)

A

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C

Adjectives of the 2nd group (III Declension)

A

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C

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UNIT 5

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

In Latin, as in English, there are three degrees of comparison: the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.

The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior (neuter -ius), the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um), to the stem of the Positive, which loses its final vowel: carus (dear) (stem caro-); carior (dearer); carissimus (dearest). levis (light) (stem levi-); levior (lighter); levissimus (lightest).

felix (happy) (stem felic-); felecior (happier); felecissimus (happiest).

A form of diminutive is made upon the stem of some comparatives: as grandius-culus (a little larger).

Participles when used as adjectives are regularly compared: patiens (patient), patientior, patientissimus.

apertus (open), apertior, apertissimus.

Adjectives in -er form the Superlative by adding -rimus to the nominative. The comparative is regular:

acer (keen), acrior, acerrimus.

miser (wretched), miserior, miserrimus.

Irregular Comparison

Several adjectives have in their comparison irregular forms:

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dexter (on the right, handy) dexterior dextimus.

These irregularities arise from the use of different stems. Thus frugalior and frugalissimus are formed from the stem frugali-, but are used as the comparative and superlative of the indeclinable frugi.

Defective Comparison

Some Comparatives and Superlatives appear without a Positive:

The following are formed from stems not used as adjectives:

Of the following the positive forms are rare, except when used as nouns (generally in the plural):

externus (outward) – exterior (outer) – extremus (extimus) (outmost); inforus (below) – inferior (lower) – infimus (imus) (lowest);

posterus (following) – posterior (latter) – postremus (postumus) (last); superus (above) – superior (higher) – supremus or summus (highest).

Several adjectives lack the Comparative or the Superlative:

The Comparative is rare or wanting in the following: novus, invictus, pius, falsus, sacer, meritus.

Many adjectives (as aureus (golden)) are from their meaning incapable of comparison. But each language has its own usage in this respect. Thus, niger (glossy black) and candidus (shining white) are compared; but not ater or albus, meaning absolute dead black or white.

Comparatives: Declension

Comparatives are declined as follows:

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melior (better), STEM melior- for melios; plus (more), STEM plur- for plus- There is a Masc./Fem. and a separate Neuter for melius. But plus has just one form

All comparatives except plus are declined like melior.

EXERCISES

1.Agree the following adjectives with the nouns. Translate the wordcombinations into Latin:

Greater (ala, horn, head, sulcus, curvature, papilla); lesser (muscle, horn, fossa, curvature, ala); anterior (crest, sulcus, tubercle, opening); posterior (face, arch, ligament); lower (sinus, limb, artery, ligament); upper (limb, ganglion, incisure, foramen, process).

2.Translate into Latin the nominations of bones:

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Ethmoid bone; palatine bone; lower jaw bone; upper jaw bone; radius; temporal bone; shoulder bone; elbow bone; heel bone; frontal bone; occipital bone; zygomatic bone; lacrimal bone; hyoid bone; coccyx; innominate bone/hip bone; sacred bone; nasal bone; knee-cap; trapezoid bone; thigh bone; calf-bone/peroneal bone; shin-bone; ankle bone.

3. Translate the following terms into Latin:

A. Palatine process of lower jaw; articular process of vertebra; jugular notch of breast bone; profound cervical lymphatic node; transverse sinus of pericardium; furrow of the radial nerve; left lumbar trunk; right horn of womb (uterus); lateral condyle; aperture of frontal sinus; round ligament of womb.

B. Articular face of acromion, mucosa of nose; lamina of arch of vertebra; marrow of thymus; fibrous capsule of thyroid gland.

C. soft palate; hard palate; nasal surface of upper jaw; perpendicular plate of palatine bone; intermedial part of lip of mouth; profound vein of face; middle passage of nose; median sulcus of tongue; external dental epithelium; accessory nasal cartilage; middle nasal concha; masseteric fascia (massetericus, a, um).

4. Translate the following terms into Latin:

A.Posterior ethmoid opening; anterior longitudinal ligament; greater palatine furrow; greater palatine opening; anterior medial surface; upper cervical ganglion.

B.Anterior sacral opening; upper posterior iliac spine; lower articular process; smaller sciatic notch; posterior gluteal line; tonsil of cerebellum; anterior cutaneous branch; anterior articular surface of ankle-bone.

5. Translate the following terms into Latin:

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