1 курс / Латинский язык / Латинский_язык_и_основы_медицинской_терминологии_Жура_В_В_,_Мартинсон

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NOTE. When combined with plastica- and –transplantatio, the initial combining forms auto-, allo-, xeno- may have the fllowing meanings: auto- using tissues or organs within one and the same organism; allo- using tissues and organs of other people; xeno- using tissues and organs of animals.

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UNIT 8

REVISION

1. Differentiate the meanings of the similarly spelt combining forms:

2. Build terms matching the descriptions:

A.Hernia of brain coats, dissecting the scars of a nerve, stitching a nerve, disease of a nerve, dissecting a nerve, multiple inflammation of joints, inflammation of many groups of lymph vessels.

B.Unilateral (semi-) paralysis, lack of susceptibility to temperature changes, plastic operation involving transplantation of cornea of another person, pseudojaundice, pseudogout, slow swallowing, increased size and mass of the heart, reparative operation in the area of cardial aperture, semilunar, inflammation of all vein coats, inflammation of the inner vein coat.

C.Receding upper jaw, receding lower jaw, black tongue, behind the pharynx (adj.), bleeding from the tongue, raphe of the tongue, dental calculus, suturing the palate, related to jaw and face (adj.), disease of tongue, dissection of gum, cleft lip, cleft palate, inflammation of salivary gland.

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3. Name both Greek and Latin stems for the following:

A.Lung, muscle, head, nerve, vessel, vein, spleen, mouth, bone, cartilage, bone marrow, spinal marrow, tissue, cell, gland, lymph, chest, joint, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, abdomen, vertebra, heart, eye, ear, nose, tooth, kidney, renal pelvis, mammary gland, womb.

B.Vagina, ovary, uterine tube, navel, leg, foot, finger, blind gut, urinary bladder, gallbladder.

C.Jaw, upper jaw, lower jaw, chin, palate, gum, lacrimal sac, salivary gland.

4. What colour is the skin in the terms below:

B. Melanosis, xanthosis, leucodermia, erythrodermia, chlorosis.

5. Thranslate the following diagnoses in writing:

A.Gangrenous adenitis, infectious adenitis, submandibular adenitis, obliterating hepatocholangitis, hepatocellular adenoma, serous adenofibroma, subcutaneous emphysema, atrophic emphysema, embolism of the pulmonary artery, embolism of the spinal cord, hematogenic cholangitis, juvenile progressive paralysis, ventricular tachycardia, syndrome of the vagus nerve, atherosclerosis of coronary arteries.

B.Tuberculosal empyema, arteriovenous angioma, hematoma of the brain, relapsing epidemic typhus, hemolytic coma, hyperglycemic coma, asystolia of atria, chronic atrophy of muscles, absessus of lymphatic glands, epidural abscessus, intraarticular fracture, superficial keratitis, traumatic keratitis, idiopathic keratosis, pyloroantral resection of the stomach, peritoneal dissection of the abdomen, subcutaneous symphysiotomia, heart rupture or cardiorexis, white atrophy of skin.

C.Parodontosis or alveolar pyorrhea; catarrhal acute rhinitis, aphthous stomatitis, vasomotor(ial) sinusitis, gangrenous stomatitis, serous periodontitis, dental dislocation, replantation of a tooth.

6. Translate the following into English:

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Paralysis glosso-labiopharyngea, status praeinfarcticus, infarctus myocardii transmuralis, ruptura septi interventricularis, extrasystolae ventriculares polytopicae, pulpa lienis s. pulpa splenica, atherosclerosis arteriarum coronariarum et aortae, glandula sudorifĕra, ductus sudorifĕr, striae gravidarum.

7. Explain the meaning of the terms below:

A.Haematomyelia, splanchnomegalia, xenogĕnus (a, um), cholangioenterostomia, polyotia, chylothorax, anhidrosis, hypaesthesia, endophytus (a, um), exophytus (a, um), autopyotherapia, erythrocytus, erythrocytosis, erythrophobia, bradypno ë, tachypnoë, bradysystolia, hemiparesis, osteoarthritis, osteogenĕsis, lymphadenitis, lymphangiitis, lymphangioma, lymphadenographia, lymphadenosis, glycol ўsis, lymphangioendothelioma, lymphangiomatosis, lymphangiomyoma, lymphoma, lymphomatosis, lymphopenia, panserositis, lymphorhoea, lymphosarcoma, lymphosarcomatosis, lymphocytus, lymphocytoma, lymphocytosis, biopsia, autopsia, chylostasis, oligophrenia.

B.Hyperkinesia, teleendoscopia, platyspondylia, spondylosyndesis (spinal fusion), choledochoduodenostomia, cholangioenterostomia, cholecystojejunostomia, parathyroideus, coloproctectomia, psychorthopaedia, splenoportocholangiographia, myeloradiculitis, decapitatio, myelocele, panmyelosis, pantophobia, psychotherapia, megacolon, megaduodenum, megalomastia, macromastia, megaloureter, megarectum, splenomegalia, heterogenus, heterochromia, polyuria, melanoma, xanthoma, teleroentgenography, chloroma, desensitivisatio, allomyelotransplantatio, degenerativus, neurotropicus, ethiotropicus, morphogenesis, xerophthalmia, cryotherapia, cryochirurgia, polysplenia, bradysphygmia, autokeratoplastica, paracystitis, phlebotensiometria, endogenus, exogenus, leucolysis, leucopoiesis, esophagostoma, polyarthralgia, otorhea, olygemia, hysteroptosis, metrosalpingographia, periduodenitis, perinephritis, perineorhapia.

C.Osteodentinum, osteodysplasia, osteodystrophia, osteolysis, osteoma, osteomyelitis, retromandibularis, retronasalis, perichondritis, periodontitis,

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parotitis, paranasalis, rhinophonia, rhinorhagia, autocranioplastica, dacryocystocele, dacryocystostenosis, dacryorrhea, sialadenitis, sialogenus, sialographia, sialolithiasis, sialolithotomia, sialorrhea, gnathonecrosis, gnathoplastica, gingivoosteoplastica, pericoronitis, retromolaris, papilloma, papillomatosis, gnathoschisis, orthogenus, polyodontia, homodonticus, oncostomatologia, glossoptosis, xerostomia, palatoplastica, hypersalivatio, glossoplegia.

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SECTION III

PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY

This is the concluding section of the course. To master its vast terminological system – pharmaceutical terms and those of prescription – you will need the grammatical knowledge and skills acquired earlier. Besides, some new points of grammar in connection with prescription are introduced.

The vocabulary of the exercises embraces the terms used by practicing physicians and surgeons while prescribing drugs, reading drug annotations, pharmacopoeia and so on. The skills trained in this section are as follows: 1) writing Latin pharmaceutical terms without grammatical or spelling mistakes; 2) writing out a Latin prescription quickly and without mistakes or translating a Latin prescription into English.

UNIT 1

DRUG NAMES, STANDARDS

INTRODUCTION

Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the treatment of diseases. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves, and fruit. Examples of such drugs are digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from plants called molds). Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example, hormones are secretions from the glands of animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anticancer drugs, such as methotrexate and prednizone, are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some drugs are

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contained in food substances; these drugs are called vitamins. Drugs are dispensed and stored in an area known as a pharmacy.

The field of medicine which studies drugs, their nature, origin, and effect in the body is called pharmacology. Pharmacology is a large medical specialty and contains many subdivisions of study, including pharmacodynamics, molecular pharmacology, chemotherapy, and toxicology.

Pharmacodynamics involves the study of how drugs exert their effects in the body. Scientists interested in pharmacodynamics study the processes of drug absorption (how drugs pass into the bloodstream), metabolism (changes drugs undergo within the body) and excretion (removal of the drug from the body).

Molecular pharmacology concerns the study of the interaction of drugs and cells or subcellular entities, such as DNA, RNA, or enzymes. These studies provide important information about the mechanism of action of the drug.

Chemotherapy is the subdivision of pharmacology which studies drugs that are capable of destroying microorganisms, parasites, and cells within the body without destroying the body itself. Chemotherapy includes treatment of infectious disease, mental illness and cancer.

Toxicology is the study of harmful chemicals and their dangerous effects on the body. Toxicology includes the study of the potentially harmful effects of any drug on the body; any drug, if given in high enough doses, can have harmful actions on the body. Toxicological studies on animals are required by law before new drugs can be tested in individuals. A toxicologist is also interested in finding proper antidotes to these harmful effects. Antidotes are substances given to neutralize unwanted effects of drugs.

Names

A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug. This name is often long and complicated.

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The generic or official name is a shorter, less complicated name which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The generic name is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug.

The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or before the name. Most drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is common practice to capitalize the first letter of a brand name.

The following lists give the chemical, generic, and brand names of the well known antibiotic drug, ampicillin. Note that the drug can have several brand names but only one generic, or official, name.

Standards

While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists, and manufacturers. This committee is called the

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Pharmacopoeia. They also issue a special guide on drugs which is known under the same name.

Two important standards stipulated in the pharmacopoeia are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made by good manufacturing methods). If a drug is included in the pharmacopoeia, it has met with its standards. A list of drugs is published regularly and in different countries may go under different names. In Russia it is know as Vidal. Not all drugs are listed in the pharmacopoeia.

Administration of Drugs

The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into body) is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug’s action in the body.

The many different methods used by physicians and allied health personnel to administer drugs are listed below, with a brief discussion of each method.

Oral Administration (per os)

The route of administration is by mouth. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of convenience, it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral administration is slower than other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in therapy.

Sublingual Administration (sub linguam)

In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest

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