- •Part I
- •Text. Physics and physical phenomena
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •M. V.Lomonosov
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Measurement of Volume
- •Text. The metric system
- •Dimensions of a Solid Body
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Origin of the Metric System
- •Text. The kinetic theory and the three states of matter
- •3 Not to matter — не иметь значения will make full use — займут
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Mass and weight
- •3. Much, more, the most; little, less, the least; good, bet ter,
- •4, .,. Er than, more ... Than
- •5. At, on, over .., etc.
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text, force, work, energy and power
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •1. Have supported, has altered....
- •2. Energy can be converted...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Isaac Newton
- •Text. Heat
- •1. Heat is known to be a form of energy.
- •2. You place, you placed, you have placed. They take, they took, they have taken.
- •3. Newton began to think about heat.
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Transmission of heat
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- •Text. Calorimeters
- •1. It is usual to transfer ...
- •2. There is; is there; there is no ...
- •3. The setting up of ...; the reading of ...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Wave motion and sound
- •1. It does not move forward but returns again...
- •2. It is evident, it is clear.
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Light
- •1. It becomes red-hot, it is the reason, it was cold...
- •2. High temperature produced by..., in a substance called... . Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Reflection and refraction of light
- •1. Do bodies emit? Does he make? Did it represent?
- •2. Have they shown? Had he travelled? Was it reflected? Is he going? Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Lenses
- •1. After leaving the lens...
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Simple cell
- •1. The twitching of; the reading of...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Voltaic Cells
- •Text. The accumulator
- •1. A plate containing, a plate being immersed...
- •2. Achieved by connecting; determined by testing...
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Principle of electric motor
- •1. They are used to pull...
- •2. When viewed, while doing...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Electric Bell Circuit
- •Text. Moving-coil ammeter and voltmeter
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Moving-Coil Galvanometer
- •Text. Electromotive force
Text. Calorimeters
In simple heat experiments, it is usual to transfer heat to some water contained in a small highly polished copper can, called a calorimeter, and to measure the rise in temperature of water with a thermometer. There is always the difficulty in experiments of this kind that, if we are not careful, some heat will escape before we have had time to measure it. Radiation losses from the calorimeter are reduced to a minimum by being highly polished.1 Secondly, it is always suspended inside a larger can or jacket to protect it from draughts and to prevent the setting up of cold air convection currents2 along its sides. The method of suspending the calorimeter varies. It may be supported by hooks on thin strings or else stood on a poor conductor such as a flat cork. In either case the heat lost by conduction will be very small. Finally, it is desirable to have a cover over the calorimeter to prevent losses both of heat and liquid by evaporation. A calorimeter itself is made of copper, which is a
Fig. 3. Calorimeter set up for
heat measurement.
very good conductor. This ensures that the calorimeter and its contents will attain a uniform steady temperature with the least possible delay3 after a hot body has been placed in it.
Notes
1 by being highly polished — зд. путем хорошей полировки (калориметра)
2 to prevent the setting up of cold air convection currents — помешать возникновению циркуляции холодного воздуха
3 with the least possible delay — без промедления, сразу же
Listen and read words and word combinations to be remembered:
prevent [pri'vent] препятствовать support [sə'po:t]поддерживать
evaporation [i,vapa'rei∫n] выпари- reduce [ri'dju:s] уменьшать
вание, испарение ensure [in'∫ua] обеспечивать
suspend [sas'pend] подвешивать attain [a'tein] приобретать
cork [ko:k] пробка uniform ['ju:nifo:m] одно-
hook [huk] крючок родный
require [ri'kwaiə] требовать desire [di'zaiə] желать
radiation losses потери теплоизлучения
to protect from draughts защитить от сквозняков
poor conductor плохой проводник, изолятор
in either case в любом случае
both of heat and liquid как теплота, так и жидкость through 1 degree на 1 градус
to be made of быть изготовленным из
Give Russian equivalents to the following words without using a dictionary:
calorimeter [,ka la'rimita] method ['meθəd]
experiment [iks'periment] conductor [kən'dAktə]
transfer [ træns’fe: ] finally ['fainəli]
contain [kan'tein] cover ['kAvə]
convection [kən'vek∫n] calorie ['kæləri]
energy [enedji]
63
Models