- •Part I
- •Text. Physics and physical phenomena
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •M. V.Lomonosov
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Measurement of Volume
- •Text. The metric system
- •Dimensions of a Solid Body
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Origin of the Metric System
- •Text. The kinetic theory and the three states of matter
- •3 Not to matter — не иметь значения will make full use — займут
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Mass and weight
- •3. Much, more, the most; little, less, the least; good, bet ter,
- •4, .,. Er than, more ... Than
- •5. At, on, over .., etc.
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text, force, work, energy and power
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •1. Have supported, has altered....
- •2. Energy can be converted...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Isaac Newton
- •Text. Heat
- •1. Heat is known to be a form of energy.
- •2. You place, you placed, you have placed. They take, they took, they have taken.
- •3. Newton began to think about heat.
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Transmission of heat
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
- •Text. Calorimeters
- •1. It is usual to transfer ...
- •2. There is; is there; there is no ...
- •3. The setting up of ...; the reading of ...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Wave motion and sound
- •1. It does not move forward but returns again...
- •2. It is evident, it is clear.
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Light
- •1. It becomes red-hot, it is the reason, it was cold...
- •2. High temperature produced by..., in a substance called... . Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Reflection and refraction of light
- •1. Do bodies emit? Does he make? Did it represent?
- •2. Have they shown? Had he travelled? Was it reflected? Is he going? Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Lenses
- •1. After leaving the lens...
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Simple cell
- •1. The twitching of; the reading of...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Voltaic Cells
- •Text. The accumulator
- •1. A plate containing, a plate being immersed...
- •2. Achieved by connecting; determined by testing...
- •Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Text. Principle of electric motor
- •1. They are used to pull...
- •2. When viewed, while doing...
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Electric Bell Circuit
- •Text. Moving-coil ammeter and voltmeter
- •Exercises
- •Laboratory Exercises
- •Additional Material
- •Moving-Coil Galvanometer
- •Text. Electromotive force
Laboratory Exercises
10. Listen and read the following words and word combinations:
theory of relativity, put forward, regarding mass and energy, separate, distinct, simplified, were accepted, neither created nor destroyed, likewise constant, the law of conservation, quantity.
11. Listen and repeat in pauses:
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Einstein put forward the theory of relativity. He showed that the mass and energy can be converted from one to the other. Until this theory was put forward two fundamental laws were accepted by physicists: the law of conservation of matter and the law of conservation of energy. They state that the total quantity of matter and energy in the universe is constant. In the light of the theory of relativity these two laws have become fused into one. One form of energy has been transformed into another, but actual amount of energy is the same as before the change.
12. Listen to these questions on the above text and answer them:
1. What did Einstein put forward? 2. What did he show? 3. What laws were accepted by physicists? 4. What do these laws state?
13. Ask questions using the model.
M о d e l : They have learned the theory of relativity.
What have they learned?
1. These two laws have become fused into one. 2. This view has been supported by a number of experiments. 3. His work has simplified our picture of the universe. 4. We have seen a number of cases of transformation of energy.
14. Suggested topics for oral narration:
1. Explain the importance of Einstein's theory of relativity.
2. Give the definition of the law of the Conservation and Transformation of energy.
Additional Material
Read the text and get its central idea. Tell about New-ton's biography. Describe his discoveries.
Isaac Newton
In the little village of Woolthorpe, not far from the old university town of Cambridge, in a farmer's house Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642.
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As a schoolboy, Newton used to make things with his own hands. In particular, he made a primitive wooden clock that was driven by the slow escape of water.
His family wanting him to become a farmer, he did his best to be of use at the farm, but with no success, his mind being always busy with observing various phenomena of nature and reflecting upon them.
At the age of 18 he was sent to Cambridge and there he followed the ordinary mathematical courses of his time. Some years after having taken his degree he was appointed professor to the chair of physics and mathematics at Cambridge. He delivered an extended course of lectures in optics which were not published until some sixty years later. While quite a young man he developed a mathematical method indispensable for all questions involving motion. This method which is now known under the name of the differential and the integral calculus was developed at the same time by the German scientist and philosopher Leibnitz.
The theory of gravity was developed by Newton in its essential features when he was only 24, but some twenty years later he returned to this subject. Having been brought, by the fall of the apple, to the conclusion that the apple and the earth were pulling one another, he began to think of the same pull of gravity extending far beyond the earth. The problem of the paths of the planets, one of the greatest problems of those times, was what laws could account for the ceaseless motion of the planets round the sun?'
Newton deduced and calculated the force of gravity acting between the sun and the planets, thus establishing the law of gravitation in its most general form. By discovering this law, he demonstrated the uniformity of things and found a connecting link between the mechanics of the earth and the mechanics of the heavens. His great work Principia, published in 1687, gave an insight into the structure and mechanics of the universe.
He also discovered the laws of motion which we still consider to be the basis of all calculations concerning motion.
He died in 1727, at the age of eighty-four. His funeral ceremonies were those of a national hero. It was the first time that national honours of this kind have been accorded in England to a man of science or to any figure in the world of thought, learning or art.
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UNIT 8