- •Предисловие
- •Unit 1 chemistry as a science
- •Chemistry
- •The scope of chemistry
- •7. Основные положения химии необходимы для многих специалистов, включая с/х работников, биологов, дантистов и т. Д. Text c
- •D. I. Mendeleyev
- •Properties of water
- •The most important chemical substance
- •The water problem
- •Hydrogen
- •Hydrogen peroxide
- •Properties of hydrogen peroxide
- •Unit 4 man and environment
- •Population and the environment
- •Ecology is a priority
- •Preserving the environment
- •Pollution
- •Traffic and air pollution
- •Water pollution. The water crisis
- •Wastewater treatment
- •Industrial wastes
- •Greenhouse effect
- •Unit 7 nature of manufacturing plastics
- •1. A) Translate the following words, word combinations and chemical terms into Russian:
- •3. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
- •The age of polymers
- •Plastics
- •Types of plastics
- •3. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
- •Abs plastics
- •General Properties of abs Plastics
- •Plastics in the chemical age
- •Some applications of a polymer
- •Unit 9 the world of rubber
- •Synthetic rubber
- •Mixing efficiency and quality: a view from a synthetic rubber producer
- •Quality of raw materials
- •Unit 10
- •The nature of rubber-like elasticity
- •Rubber latex
- •Internal mixer – закрытый резиносмеситель;
- •High energy radiation – радиация с высокой энергией.
- •Vulcanization
- •Unit 11
- •Environmental engineering
- •Chemical engineering
- •Chemical reactors
- •Unit 12
- •Ultrafiltration
- •Distillation
- •Gas separation
- •Тексты для дополнительного чтения
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 2 Butlerov and His Theory of Chemical Structure
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 3 The States of Matter
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 4 Substances
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 5 Classification of organic compounds
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 6 Scope of environmental engineering
- •Text 7 Modern chemical engineering
- •Text 10 Membrane filters
- •Text 11 Lava filters
- •Text 12
- •Text 13
- •Vocabulary List
- •Synthetic Rubber
- •Vocabulary List
- •Reverse process – обратный процесс;
- •Rubberlike – каучукоподобный;
- •Direct Uses of Latex
- •Vocabulary List
- •Applications of polyurethane elastomers today and in the future
- •Era of elastomers
- •Phenolic, non-staining antioxidants
- •Chemical processes
- •Devices for transporting and compressing gases and liquids
- •Filtering Devices
- •Dust Collectors
- •Bag Filters
- •Coolers
- •Polymers
- •City of Madison Plastic Recycling Guidelines
- •Информационный справочник
- •Список химических элементов
- •Образец чтения химических формул и уравнений
- •Грамматический материал Active Voice (активный залог)
- •Passive Voice (пассивный залог)
- •Modal Verbs and their equivalents (Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты)
- •Participle I, II (причастие I, II)
- •Функции Participle I Indefinite Active в предложении
- •Participle II Причастие прошедшего времени
- •Функции Participle II в предложении
- •Absolute Participle Clause (Независимый причастный оборот)
- •Infinitive (Инфинитив)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива в предложении
- •Complex Subject (Сложное подлежащее)
- •Complex Object (Сложное дополнение)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
- •Синтаксические функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Conditionals (Условные предложения)
- •Англо-русский словарь-минимум
- •Библиографический список
- •Оглавление
- •394036, Воронеж, пр. Революции, 19
Hydrogen
The element hydrogen occurs free in nature in comparatively small quantities. The atmosphere contains about one volume of H2 per 15000 – 20000 volumes of air. H2 is also present in volcanic gases. Combined hydrogen is common. Water contains 1/9 of its weight of hydrogen. Hydrogen together with O2 is one of the main constituents of animal and vegetable tissue.
Hydrogen is also present in nearly all organic compounds and in many gases. For general laboratory work hydrogen is prepared by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid on granulated zinc. The most important industrial method for making hydrogen is extracting from water gas by electrolysis.
Hydrogen is a colourless gas, tasteless and odourless. It is combustible, but non-supporter of combustion. Its specific gravity is very low in comparison with air being only 0.08987 gr per litre. Hydrogen was once used as the standard for the atomic weights since it is the lightest element known. It is not poisonous. The critical temperature for hydrogen is 239 °C, it is a very difficultly liquefiable gas. The liquid hydrogen is clear and colourless, resembling water. It solidifies when a liquid is evapourated in a partial vacuum. The white solid is crystalline.
Hydrogen doesn’t react at room temperature in the absence of catalysts. Hydrogen combines with many non-metals, but doesn’t react with metals at all. The readiness with which hydrogen will combine with oxygen and certain other non-metals makes it able to remove oxygen and chlorine from their compounds with the other elements. Thus, when hydrogen is passed over hot ferric oxide, lead oxide, nickel oxide, etc., hydrogen combined with the oxygen of the oxide leaves behind the metal. In these experiments hydrogen is oxidized and the metallic oxide is reduced or dioxidized. At present hydrogen is employed in the manufacture of synthetic ammonia, for hydrogenation of oils. Large quantities are also used for filling balloons and airships. It is still employed for fusing quartz and silica, for melting platinum, for autogenous soldering of lead and so on.
3. Answer the questions:
1. Does hydrogen occur free in nature in large quantities?
2. Where is hydrogen present?
3. What is the most important industrial method for making hydrogen?
4. What kind of gas is hydrogen?
5. Does hydrogen support combustion?
6. What metals does hydrogen react with?
7. Where is hydrogen applied nowadays?
4. Complete the following sentences using some active words and word combinations (see below):
1. Hydrogen…… in nearly all organic compounds and in many gases.
2. Water ……… hydrogen.
3. Hydrogen is………… …………
4. Hydrogen supports ………… …………
5. The liquid hydrogen is………… and …………
6. Hydrogen doesn’t react with …………
7. Hydrogen is………… for hydrogenation of oils.
Colourless, used, combustion, metals, combustible, occurs, clear, contains.
5. Retell the text using the scheme (see Un.1).
Text B
1. Match the English words and word combinations in A with their Russian equivalents in B.
compound храниться
dilute acid существенные изменения
high density обладать свойствами
rays соединение
combustion of hydrogen высокая плотность
to shake up лучи
when heated при нагревании
appreciable change разбавленная кислота
to be kept встряхивать
to possess properties горение водорода
2. Read the text trying to understand its main idea.