16. Being in the Househusband

The extract I’m going to analize is from the text ‘’ Being in the Househusband’’ written by Hank Groves.

The extract is about a man, who bought her wife a present – a subscription to the women’s lip magazine ‘’Spare Rib’’ after their first child was born. She had read this magazine and decided to be a breadwinner. His wife back to work when the baby was fifteen month old. Her husband become a househusband. Finally he understood how it difficult to be a housewife. The main idea of the story is: don’t think that to be woman and housewife is easy.

The story is colored by SD:

- Repetitions and synonyms (noise, make a baby, telephone, baby woke up, doorbell) create the atmosphere of running about and panic of the man character.

- The words of low style (I thought I told you to go to hell) point out the exasperation of the main character.

- During the story the author represent to us one of the actual problems of life.

By the way of conclusion I’d like to say that this story is very actual nowadays. I don’t think that this story is very sad, because it’s became normal for people.

15.The Lion’s skin.

I'm going to analyze a story "A lion's skin" written by W.S. Maugham. The story is about Mr and Mrs. Forester. They are meet to each other in the hospital on the war. Mrs. Forester said: "It was a case of love at first sight". The Foresters lived most of the year in their villa and they made acquaintance of the people called Hardy who lived next door. Mr. Forester wanted to be a gentleman. The war gave him a chance. Eleonor's money provided the means. They got married and he become and he a "sahib". Once the Forester's villa caught fire. Bob Forester had pretended for so many years to be a gentleman that in the end, forgetting that it was all a fake, he found himself driven to act as in that stupid, conventional brain of his he thought a gentleman must act. Writer humorously refers to Mr. Forester. Writer showed Mr. Forester stupid and fake. Main idea in the text - gentleman is innate. The main idea of this story is "don't was a fortune- hunter, it's very foolish". "Fake life-fake dead". The writer uses is rather many different stylistic devices. Writer uses more words for tragic effect, for example: accident, tragic, pathetic and exc. And I found negative connotation, for example "fake dead, fake live". I found Graphon "GENTLEMAN", but it was his dream. Author uses repetition "he wanted - it was grotesque and pathetic - he wanted to be a GENTLEMAN". For example I found hyperbole "he was the most handsome man I'd ever seen in my life. But he wasn't wounded". In the name of the text "a lion's skin" shows metaphor (притворство). There are a lot of alliteration "married, money, made, minde; for, fake, found" show us hero's character. I think in our life should be less lies and shams. We are must be real people.

17. English word stress.

One of the most important common features of all Germanic languages was its strong dynamic stress. The fixed stress fell on the first root syllable. The fixed stress emphasized the syllable bearing the most important semantic element. To a certain degree later the fixed stress contributed to the reduction of unstressed syllables. The fixation of the main stress on the initial syllable of the word changed the grammatical system of the languages.

There are four types of word-stress:

-If special prominence in a stressed syllable or syllables is achieved mainly through the intensity or articulation, such type of stress is called dynamic, or force stress.

-If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved mainly through the change of pitch, or musical tone, such accent is called musical, or tonic. It is characteristic of the Japanese, Korean and other oriental language.

-If special prominence in a stressed syllable is achieved through the changes in the quantity of the vowels, which longer in the stressed syllables than unstressed ones, such type of stress is called quantitative.

-Qualitative type of stress is achieved through the changes in the quality of the vowel under stress.

English word-stress is traditionally defined as dynamic. But also through the changes in the vowel quantity, consonant and vowel quality and pitch of the voice. Stress can be characterized as fixed and free. In languages with fixed type of stress the place of stress is always the same.

In English word-stress is free. It is may fall on any syllable in a word.

Stress in English is not only free, but also shifting. In English the place of stress may shift. It helps to differentiate different parts of speech.

d. Jones, R. Kingdon, V.A. Vassilyev consider that there are three degrees of word-stress in English: primary – strong, secondary – partial, weak – in unstressed syllables.

In spite of the fact that word accent in the English stress system is free, there are certain factors that determine the place and different degree of word-stress. There are: Recessive tendency,Rhythmic tendency,Retentive tendency,Semantic factor.

18. Polysemy and Homonyms.

The word «polysemy» means «plurality of meanings» it exists only in the language, not in speech. A word which has more than one meaning is called polysemantic.Different meanings of a polysemantic word may come together due to the proximity of notions which they express. E.g. the word «blanket» has the following meanings: a woolen covering used on beds, a covering for keeping a horse warm, a covering of any kind /a blanket of snow/, covering all or most cases /used attributively/There are some words in the language which are monosemantic, such as most terms, /synonym, molecule, bronchites/, some pronouns /this, my, both/, numerals.There are two processes of the semantic development of a word: radiation and concatination. In cases of radiation the primary meaning stands in the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it like rays. Each secondary meaning can be traced to the primmary meaning. E.g. in the word «face» the primary meaning denotes «the front part of the human head» Connected with the front position the meanings: the front part of a watch, the front part of a building, the front part of a playing card were formed. Connected with the word «face» itself the meanings : expression of the face, outward appearance are formed. In cases of concatination secondary meanings of a word develop like a chain. In such cases it is difficult to trace some meanings to the primary one. E.g. in the word «crust» the primary meaning «hard outer part of bread» developed a secondary meaning «hard part of anything /a pie, a cake/», then the meaning »harder layer over soft snow» was developed, then «a sullen gloomy person», then «impudence» were developed. Here the last meanings have nothing to do with the primary ones. In such cases homonyms appear in the language. It is called the split of polysemy.In most cases in the semantic development of a word both ways of semantic development are combined. 1.Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling but different in their meaning.• Homonyms which are the same in sound and spelling are traditionally termed homonyms proper (pit, ball)• Homophones. They are the same in sound but different in spelling (night-knight).• Homographs. These are words which are the same in spelling but different in sound (bow, raw).Classification of Homonyms The subdivision of homonyms into homonyms proper, homophones and homographs is certainly not precise enough and does not reflect certain important features of these words, and, most important of all, their status as parts of speech. Homonyms may belong both to the same and to different categories of parts of speech. Classification of homonyms should reflect this distinctive feature. The paradigm of each word should be considered, because it has been observed that the paradigms of some homonyms coincide completely, and of others only partially. Full lexical homonyms are words which represent the same category of parts of speech and have the same paradigm (seal - тюлень, seal - печать).

Partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups: A. Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words which belong to the same category of parts of speech. B. Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech which have one identical form in their paradigms. C. Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms. Sources of Homonyms phonetic changes which words undergo in the course of their historical development. As a result of such changes, two or more words which were formerly pronounced differently may develop identical sound forms and thus become homonyms. Borrowing is another source of homonyms. A borrowed word may, in the final stage of its phonetic adaptation, duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing. Word-building also contributes significantly to the growth of homonymy, and the most important type in this respect is conversion. Shortening is a further type of word-building

18. The TV Blackout

I`m going to analyze a story “The TV Blackout” written Art Buchwald. The story is about the Bufkins. Mr. Bufkins very liked to watch TV and take no notice of his family. But once New York city had a blackout and all television station went out for several hours. Mr. Bufkins had like to know his family better. And he hoped that repairmen don`t fix the antenna for another couple hours. There`s nothing better than a blackout for a man who really wants to know his family.

The main idea of this text that we can lose all, if we don`t know about family.

The writer uses rather many different stylistic devices. I`ve found some more alliteration “his, he, hung, husband”. They show us tremendous crises. There are a lot of examples of rhetorical questions, and ironies “Who are you? Who`s he? How?, you`d know who we are” show us the absurd of the situation. You can see words with positive connotation “pleased to meet you” and some periphrasis “a daughter who played the guitar” show us that he don`t know who is who. There are some hyperbole and personification “tremendous crises, dead silence” show us stress of the situation. I like this story because it is very unusual and interesting text.