1) Complete closure, then occlusive and nasal consonants 2) incomplete closure , then constrictive consonant 3)the combination of the two closures, then acclusive-contrictive, or affricates,

According to the principle of voice or noise prevalence, Russian phoneticians suggest a subdivision of the group of occlusives and the group of constrictives into noise and sonorants.

Noise occlusive consonants are also called nasals.

Russian phoneticians subdivide the rolled, occlusive, constrictive, occlusive-constrictive consonants into unicentral and bicentral, according to the number of noise producing centres, or foci. This subdivision is not included into the classifications of foreign phoneticians.

Russian phoneticians consider affricates as units, which are articulatorily and acoustically indivisible and morphologically unique

According to the position of the soft palate all consonants are subdivided into oral and nasal.When the soft palate is raised and the air from the lungs gets into the pharynx and then into the mouth cavity, oral consonants are produced.

When the soft palate is lowered and the air on its way out passes through the nasal cavity, the nasal consonants are produced: /m,n, /.

8. Productive Ways of Word-Building in English.

Word-formation – the process of forming words by combining root and affixal morphemes according to certain patterns specific for the language (affixation, composition), or without any outward means of word formation (conversion, semantic derivation). It’s a process of forming words by combining root & affixal morphemes. 2 major groups of word formation:1) Words formed as grammatical syntagmas, combinations of full linguistic signs (types: compounding (словосложение), prefixation, suffixation, conversion, and back derivation)2) Words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full linguistic signs.

Ex.: expressive symbolism, blending, clipping, rhyme & some others. Types of word formation:COMPOUNDING Is joining together 2 or more stems.

Types: 1) Without a connecting element headache, heartbreak 2) With a vowel or consonant as a linking element speedometer, craftsman 3) With a preposition or conjunction as a linking element down-and-out (в ужасном положении, опустошенный) son-in-law

Compounds can be classified according to their structure:

consisting of simple stem heartbreak

compounds where at least one stem is a derived one football player

where one stem is clipped Xmas H-bag (handbag)

where one of the elements is also a compoundwastepaper basket compound nouns, adjectives, verbs.

There are also the so-called reduplicative compounds:  Tick-tick, chow-chow

PREFIXATION Prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words.

a-   be-   mid-   fore-   mis-

 SUFFIXATION A suffix is a derivative final element, which is or was productive in forming new words. 1) A foreign word is combined with a native affix - full - less  - ness     clearness, faithless, faithful

2) Foreign affixes are added to native words   - ance   - al   - ity    - able

6 ways of suffixing in English:

1) Derivation by native suffixes without changes in stress, vowels, consonants Godlike

2) Derivation by borrowed suffix without changes in stress, vowels, consonants loveable

3) Derivation by imported suffixes, which involves the change in Japan   Japanese

4) The suffix is added to a Latin stem which closely related to an English word  science – scientist

5) The suffix is added to a Latin stem, which has no English equivalent lingua – lingual

6) Words borrowed separately but have the same patterns of word building president – presidency

 CONVERSION(zero derivation) A certain stem is used for the formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being added. Bag – to bag Back – to back Bottle – to bottle

8.The TV Blackout

I`m going to analyze a story “The TV Blackout” written Art Buchwald. The story is about the Bufkins. Mr. Bufkins very liked to watch TV and take no notice of his family. But once New York city had a blackout and all television station went out for several hours. Mr. Bufkins had like to know his family better. And he hoped that repairmen don`t fix the antenna for another couple hours. There`s nothing better than a blackout for a man who really wants to know his family.

The main idea of this text that we can lose all, if we don`t know about family.

The writer uses rather many different stylistic devices. I`ve found some more alliteration “his, he, hung, husband”. They show us tremendous crises. There are a lot of examples of rhetorical questions, and ironies “Who are you? Who`s he? How?, you`d know who we are” show us the absurd of the situation. You can see words with positive connotation “pleased to meet you” and some periphrasis “a daughter who played the guitar” show us that he don`t know who is who. There are some hyperbole and personification “tremendous crises, dead silence” show us stress of the situation. I like this story because it is very unusual and interesting text.

7.The Bramble Bush

I want to tell you a few words about story “The Bramble Bush” written by Ch. Mergendahl. The story is about Fran Walker, who lost her mother, when she was still a baby. Her father married again. The stepmother had remained constantly jealous resentful without the slightest understanding of the small girl`s motives and emotions. Fran began to exaggerate often lie, anything possible to keep herself high in her father`s esteem Mrs. Walker had insisted she be sent away to a war by summer camp. Her father had promised pony, if she stopped lying. Fran won badge of honor, but her stepmother said that they knew she don`t won it. Fram had taken the badge then buried it beneath a rock in the garden. She said that she don`t won it. And her stepmother had said that at least Fran don`t lie this time. Then her father had bought her on frish setter as a consolation prize.

The writer uses rather many different stylistic devices. I`ve found some more alliteration “Walker, was, which, would; lumber, lived, large, land” show us the picture Fran`s life.

There are a lot of examples of repetition she “waited, waited; she wanted the pony, wanted to, prove herself” shows Fram`s feelings. There are some words with negative connotation : “jealous, resentful, lie, turn back on her” show us Fran`s and stepmother`s relations. I like this story because it`s true-to-life.