15. Lexical Stylistic Devices.

Lexical stylistic device is such type of denoting phenomena that serves to create additional expressive, evaluative, subjective connotations.There are 3 groups.1. The interaction of different types of lexical meaning: dictionary and contextual (metaphor, metonymy, irony);primary and derivative (zeugma and pun); logical and emotive (epithet, oxymoron); logical and nominative (autonomasia);2. Intensification of a feature (simile, hyperbole, periphrasis). 3.Peculiar use of set expressions (cliches, proverbs, epigram, quotations).The term ‘metaphor’ means transference of some quality from one object to another. We define metaphor as the power of realizing two lexical meaning simultaneously: “Dear Nature is the kindest Mother still” (Byron).Metonymy: substitution of 1 word for another which it suggests. (To earn one's bread, to live by the pen.)Irony: expression of smth. which is contrary to the intended meaning; words say 1 thing but mean another. (He smiled the sweet smile of an alligator.)Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relation being, on the one hand, literal, on the other, transferred: “Dora, plunging at once into privileged intimacy and into the middle of the room” (B.Show). Antonomasia is a lexical SD in which a proper name is used instead of a common noun or vice verse: You are Romeo (not from “Romeo and Juliet”); Mrs. Snake.Simile is a comparison between objects belonging to one class of things with the purpose of establishing the degree of their sameness or difference: “The boy seems to be as cleaver as his mother”.

16. Verner’s Law.

There are some instances where Grimm’s Law does not always apply. A careful analysis of Germanic words and the corresponding Indo-European words. Other than Germanic, shows that there are certain words or word-forms in Germanic languages where instead of the expected voiceless fricative consonants we find in Germanic languages voiced plosive consonants. These seeming ‘’exception’’ to the rule are a result of the further development of the fricative consonants which appeared in Germanic languages after the first consonant shift. They were analyzed by a Dutch linguist Karl Verner. He explained the seeming exception from Grimm’s Law which is known as Verner’s Law.

The Germanic voiceless fricative consonants [f], [θ], [h] which appeared due to Grimm's Law later became voiced if they were found after unstressed vowels. [θ] > [ð] and [s] > [z] — Verner's Law, later [ð] > [d] — hardening and [z] > [r] — rhotacism. Rhotacism affected only North and West Germanic languages.