Word Study

Exercise 1. For the words given in (a) find the synonyms in (b).

1. 1) conduct, 2) guide, 3) repeal, 4) personal, 5) injury,

6) commit, 7) require, 8) nevertheless, 9) will,

10) circumstance.

2. 1) perform, 2) fact, 3) however, 4) lead, 5) testament,

6) annul, 7) behavior, 8) damage, 9) private, 10) need.

Exercise 2. For the words given in (a) find the opposites in (b)

1. 1) increase, 2) often, 3) private, 4) difficult, 5) major,

6) receive, 7) obligation, 8) purchase

2. 1) public, 2) easy, 3) give, 4) right, 5) decrease,

6) sell, 7) minor, 8) seldom

Exercise 3. Find in the text the words that have the following meanings. The numbers of paragraphs are given in brackets.

1. place where law cases are held (1);

2. to control systematically, cause to obey a rule or standard (2);

3. offence for which there is severe punishment by law (3);

4. to take somebody else’s property secretly, without right, unlawfully (3);

5. not telling lies, not cheating or stealing (4);

6. connected with the law (4);

7. statement in writing saying how somebody wishes his property to be distributed after his death (5).

Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks choosing the suitable word or word combination given below.

1. People need ... protection and assistance in making important... .

2. In the USA ... vary from state to state.

3. Within our ... schools, shopping centres, and playgrounds are not close by.

4. The presence in neighborhood of others who share your interests makes it easier ... .

5. Every person in the community ... with the level of law and ... maintained there.

6. ... values reflect a person's standards of taste.

7. ..., as contrasted with personal estate, cannot be moved by the owner from one place to another.

8. Under certain circumstances, government agencies ... money for home ownership.

Real estate, order, contract, secure, legal, laws, community, personal, is concerned, to meet your social needs.

Exercise 5. a).Give adequate Russian equivalents of the word "case". Translate the sentences.

Case - общий элемент смысла: совокупность условий или обстоятельств, характеризующих ситуацию. Русские эквиваленты: случай, положение дел; доводы, доказательства; судебное дело и т.д.

1. Не stated his case so well that the committee supported his project.

2. In any case the results of the experiment will be of great value.

3. He presented a strong case against a proposed solution.

4. Research workers in need of funds could apply for grants if they could make out a convincing case.

5. When will the case come before the court?

6. In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.

7. If that's the case, you'll have to work much harder.

b). Make up English - Russian pairs of the word groups equiva­lent in meaning. Use them in sentences of your own.

As the case stands; in that case; just in case; to meet the пило; the case is that; in no case; such being the case.

На всякий случай; при данном положении дел; отвечать предъяв­ляемым требованиям; если дело обстоит так; в таком случае; дело в том, что; ни в коем случае.

Grammar Study

Exercise 1. Translate the Participles into English:

читаемый прочитанный читающий

делаемый сделанный делающий

обсуждаемый обсужденный обсуждающий

расследуемый расследованный расследующий

изучаемый изученный изучающий

предлагаемый предложенный предлагающий

покупаемый купленный покупающий

строящийся построенный строящий

Exercise 2. Make sentences with Participles. Each time use the information in blackest.

Model: That student knows English well. (He is talking to a

foreigner.)

The student talking to a foreigner knows English well.

1. The policemen are looking for two men. (The policemen are inves­tigating the robbery.)

2. Some paintings were stolen from the museum. (They belong to the famous artist.)

3. In the court-room there were many people. (They were discussing the last case.)

4. This girl is American.(She is reading аn advertisement.)

5. Do you know that woman? (She is buying a dress.)

Model: The money was never found. (The money was stolen in the robbery.)

The money stolen in the robbery was never found.

1. Host of the offers were not accepted. (They were made at the talks.)

2. The paintings haven't been found. (They were stolen from the museum.)

3. My father decided to buy a house. (It was built two years ago.)

4. The boy was taken to hospital. (He was injured in the accident.)

5. A uniform commercial code deals with sales and contracts. (It was adopted by most states.)

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences with the following verbs. Each time you have to put the verb in the correct form:

arrest, work, serve, read, give, sit, clean, wait, offer

1. All the managers ... for our company must know foreign languages.

2. You must learn all the words on the seventh page.

3. The man ... by the police is now in prison.

4. Is there anybody ... to see me?

5. A few days after the interview, I received a letter ... me a job.

6. The room ... at the moment is very little and cosy.

7. The woman ... by a shop-assistant will pay by check.

8. When I came back there was nobody in the room except for a young man ... by the window ... a newspaper.

Exercise 4. Make sentences with Participles as in the example:

Example: I saw him walking along the street.

Я видел, как он шел по улице.

разговаривал с полицейским

saw объяснил правила

watched входил в банк

Student heard переходил улицу

A lawyer found a man работающим в саду

My friend listened смотрит на него

noticed играет в теннис

felt звонит по телефону

подписывал контракт

Exercise 5. Change the construction of the sentences using Participles as in the models:

Model: While we discussed this case, we touched upon талу in­teresting problems.

Discussing this case, we touched upon many interesting problems.

1. When he was reading the contract, he was very careless.

2. As I had no dictionary, I couldn't find out what these expres­sions meant.

3. Since I thought he was asleep, I walked on tiptoe.

4. As Tom was new to construction work, he was the lowest paid.

5. When his parents invested in a home last year, they had to consider whether to build or buy.

Model: After they had interviewed people of various ages, they found out what services people expected from a state. Having interviewed people of various ages, they found out what services people expected from a state.

1. After he had paid the rent, Henry found that he had only some small change left.

2. As they had not bought tickets in advance, they had to go to the station early in the morning.

3. After Mr.Walker had read the contract carefully, he signed it.

4. As she had not used the services of an attorney, she lost her job.

5. He left the office after he had promised me to be back in two hours.

Exercise 6. From each pair of sentences make one sentence using Participle.

Model: The old man was walking along the street. He was talking to himself.

The old man was walking along the street talking to him­self.

1. I got home late. I was feeling very tired.

2. A young woman was smiling. She was watching her children.

3. Ann was lying on the bed. She was trying to fall asleep.

4. The fireman was overcome by smoke. He was making an attempt to put out the fire.

5. Jim hurt his arm. He was playing tennis.

Model: They found a hotel. Then they looked for somewhere to have dinner.

Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner.

1. We had spent all our money. So we couldn't afford to stay in a hotel.

2. We finished our work. We were given a lot of money.

3. Jill did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee.

4. They watched a soap opera on TV. Then they discussed it.

5. We had the talks with the businessmen. Then we invited them to the Prague restaurant.

Model: She a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country.

Being a foreigner, she needs a visa to stay in this country.

1. I thought he was out. I decided not to drop in at his place.

2. My brother is fond of music. He never misses an opportunity of going to a good concert.

3. We didn't know their phone number. So we couldn't call them.

4. The man wasn't able to understand English. So he didn't know what I said.

5. I felt cold. So I made a fire.

Exercise 7. Translate the sentences with the Absolute Parti­ciple Construction using так как; когда; после того как; причем; и; а.

1. Tomorrow being a public holiday, the shops will be shut.

2. A crime having been investigated, the matter was taken to the law-court.

3. It being late, we had to return home.

4. He went out into the street, his dog running after him.

5. All the questions having been discussed, the meeting was declared closed.

6. There are nine laboratories at the institute, each adminis­tered by a professor.

7. The tourists were walking along the streets with the guide explaining the history of the town.

8. New laws being made, others are repealed to meet cultural needs each year.

Exercise 8. Translate the sentences into English using Particip­les where possible.

1. Ожидая увидеть радостное лицо матери, Кэтрин открыла дверь дома и вошла. Но поднявшись на второй этаж, она никого не обнару­жила. Быстро пройдя в комнату матери, она почувствовала как леденящий ужас охватывает ее. Мать лежала на полу, держа в руке пистолет. Разбросанные счета на столе, беспорядок в комнате говорили об ужасной трагедии, происшедшей недавно.

2. Подписав контракт, Веллингтон и Трейдер обсудили несколько вопросов, касающихся их совместного дела. Не имея денег, Эрнест Веллингтон решил взять взаймы у Трейдера, надеясь, что после смер­ти дяди по завещанию ему достанется огромное наследство.

3. Открыв дверь, Эрнест увидел полицейских. "Вы арестованы", -сказал один из них стоявшему у двери хозяину. - Вы обвиняетесь в убийстве своего дяди. Вы можете сохранять молчание, вы имеете право на адвоката ...",- все эти слова, сказанные инспектором, были неожиданны для него.

4. Погода была ужасная: моросил мелкий дождь, то переставая, то принимаясь вновь бить о стекло машины. Заканчивая свое дежурство, сержант полиции Джонсон в последний раз объезжал этот район города.

Text Study

Exercise 1. Look through Text A and find English equivalents to the following:

нормы поведения, против закона, регулировать взаимоотношения, личный ущерб, гражданские дела, совершить преступление, нуждаться и адвокате для защиты в суде, тем не менее, попасть в затруднение, услуги юриста, консультация юриста, в виде мнения, все обстоятельства, отменить решение суда.

Use some of the above expressions in sentences of your own.

Exercise 2. Give the context in which the following are used:

a set of rules, to meet cultural needs, to live peacefully, two major classifications of laws, are concerned with contracts, against the law, to secure the services of an attorney, to give a definite statement, the legal aspects.

Exercise 3. Give some facts from Text A to complete the sentences.

1. People must develop rules of conduct because ....

2. Public law includes constitutional law,....

3. When a family gets into legal difficulties ...

4. A lawyer does not give a definite statement but answers ques­tions in the form of opinion as ... .

5. Promises that we often make become ...

6. Legal aspects of entering into a contract must be understood by ... .

7. When a man is going to write his will, he needs ....

Exercise 4. Substitute words and word combinations from Text A for the words underlined in the sentences.

1. He went to Paris with the purpose of learning French.

2. Don't trouble about things that have no relation to you.

3. It is the business of the police to prevent and detect serious law - breaking and of the law courts to punish it.

4. The situation there needs that I should be present.

5. The Bill was accepted and became law.

6. What is the best way of having relations with young criminals?

Exercise 5. Find sentences which give the description of the job of a lawyer.

Exercise 6. Identify the key-sentences in paragraphs 1 and 4.

Exercise 7. Which paragraph has the answer to this question:

are there more legal processes in criminal law cases than in civil law cases?

Exercise 8. Make a short summary of Text A answering the follo­wing questions:

1. Why is it important for people to develop rules of conduct?

2. What are laws?

3. What are the different classifications of laws?

4. Do private laws regulate the relationships between individuals and the government?

5. Are public laws concerned with contracts?

6. What type of law requires the most legal consultation and court action?

7. Whose services will you need when you purchase a home?

8. Is it against the law to steal?

9. Who requires an attorney for a court defense?

10. Will you get a definite statement when you ask a lawyer some questions?

11. When should legal advice be obtained?

Part II

Exercise 1. Read Text B and name the essential elements of a valid contract.

These words and word combinations will help you to understand the text.

essentials (n) - основные элементы

essential (а) - существенный

agreement (n) - соглашение

competent (а) - правомочный

party (n) - сторона

transaction (n) - сделка, деловая операция

draw up (v) - составлять

ownership (n) - I)собственность; 2) право собственности

valid (а) - действительный, имеющий силу

validity (n) - действительность, законность

mutual assent - взаимное согласие

terms (n) - условия

extent (n) - степень

prevent (v) - препятствовать, не допускать

mental ability - умственная способность

harmful (a) - вредный

consideration (n) - возмещение, компенсация

binding (a) - обязывающий, обязательный, имеющий обязательную силу

avoid (v) - избегать

false testimony - ложные показания

fee (n) - гонорар, вознаграждение