Word Study

Exercise 1. Wake up pairs of synonyms.

1. need, person, seek, feeling, shelter, loving, desire, pride, cost;

2. want, self-respect, necessity, affection, look for, sense, human-being, protection, value.

Exercise 2. Give antonyms of:

hate, receive, heat, luxury.

Exercise 3. Translate the following word-groups and use them in sentences or your own:

(1)	food and clothes for the family; the expedition with water; shelter from rain;
to provide	money for the project; everything necessary; opportunities for contacts with other jobs for the graduates.
(2)	the student’s answer; the conditions of life and work;
to be satisfied with	the quality of goods and services; housing available.
(3)	the student’s wishes; the educational needs; the manpower needs;
to meet	requirements for goods and services; requirements in raw materials; personal needs.
(4)	the amount of food and water; an average lifetime;
to depend on	the quality of work you do; how you feel about your work; how successful your career is.

(5)	living today; medical service and education;	(6)	humour; pride; self-respect;
cost of	necessary goods and		danger;
	sevices; housing; work.	sense of	duty; fear; satisfaction; responsibility; time; order.

Exercise 4. Respond to the statements below. Add a sentence of your own using the prompt in the brackets. Start with "I think"/ "I suppose"/"I believe"/"To my mind"/"In my opinion"/"As far as I know".

Model: She is always late, (time)

I think she has no sense of time.

1. He never forgets his parents (duty).

2. They are reliable partners (responsibility).

3. We like the humourous atmosphere of this teacher's lessons (humour).

4. Barbara is proud of her son's success as a pianist (pride).

5. His money satisfied him only little, (satisfaction).

6. She is afraid that the worst will happen with her son (fear).

Exercise 5. Translate the following phrases and sentences; use them in situations.

1. Bad money. 2. Money bag. 3. Time is money. 4. To make money. 5. To be worth money. 6. To marry money. 7. To spend money. 8. To be short of money. 9. To be in the money. 10. Your money or your life. 11. Money bag(s) (sl). 12. Paper money. 13. Ready money. 14. A piece of money. 15. To coin money. 16. To come into money. 17. Money matter.

Exercise 6. Paraphrase the following using the word under discussion:

1. a rich person; 2) to cost much; 3) to earn one’s living;

4) false, not real bank-notes or coins; 5) to be getting rich very

rapidly; 6) bank-notes which can be used instead of coins; 7) to be poor; 8) to marry a rich person; 9) to be very rich; 10) a coin.

Exercise 7. Insert articles whenever required.

1. She always spent ... money when she was dipressed.

2. All she thinks of is ... money.

3. He took ... money from his pocket and showed it to me.

4. ... hidden (спрятанный) money was never discovered.

5. She took ... money and put it into her purse.

6. They think they’ll earn ... good money.

7. He had a talent for making ... money.

8. Here are ... money I borrowed from you. Thank you for lending it to me.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences:

1. Где деньги, которые я тебе дала? – Я часть истратила вчера, а остальные в кошельке. 2. Эта книга стоит очень дорого. 3. Деньги для него ничего не значат. 4. Где ты взял эти деньги? – Я нашел их. 5. Неужели мы истратили уже все деньги, которые получил отец? – Мы их истратили ещё неделю тому назад. 6. Все его деньги лежат в банке. 7. Ваши деньги нашлись (turn up). Вот они. 8. Мать оставила ему немного денег, достаточно, чтобы купить дом.

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word.

1. We bought the table for £ 2 but its real ... (value, cost) is much higher.

2. The (value, cost) of living continues to rise.

3. These old books have considerable (cost, value).

4. The necklace turned out to be of very little (value, cost).

5. The value, cost) of pictures by the Impressionists increased dramatically after the First World War.

6. Living (values, costs) are usually higher in cities than in the country.

7. The (cost, value) of training doctors is borne by the stare.

Exercise 10. Read and translate the following:

1. It’s a discovery of great worth. This information is of no worth. This idea is of little worth. These books are of not much worth.

2. What is it worth? It is worth nothing. This picture is not worth the money you've paid for it. This job is not worth the time we've spent on it. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.

3. This film is well worth seeing. Books of that kind are not worth reading. This problem is not worth discussing. His illness is hardly worth troubling about.

4. She is very worthy woman. His behaviour was not worthy at all.

Exercise 11. Insert prepositions if necessary.

1. I am afraid the climate affected ... his health.

2. We depend ... the newspapers for information about what is happening.

3. Marion and Barbara both go ... nursery school.

4. They are studying to become teachers ... English.

5. Our youngest son is ... his senior year ... college.

6. From his earliest years he was interested ... maths.

7. He studies four hours every evening ... the work he does ... the day.

8. The law provides ... equal opportunity getting education.

9. They usually listen to the latest news ... breakfast.

10. Some American families pay small amounts of money ... children’s helping around the house.

Exercise 12. Translate these sentences:

1. We are fully satisfied with the flat we live in. 2. Banks provide money for different purposes. 3. Advertising provides con­sumers (потребители) with information on new goods. 4. Sports clubs are available to students at no cost. 5. Universities only accept the people who meet their requirements. 6. Americans readily demonstrate their patriotism and sense of national pride. 7. The driver exceeded the speed-limit. 8. This is a job you are seeking. 9. After the winter the garden needs a lot of work. 10. Unless you do very well on the job you are now doing, you will not be able to do a more responsible one. 11. He is a bright student. The University expects much from him. 12. These reasons are quite understandable.

Grammar Study

Exercise 1. Compare the use of the Noun and the Gerund.

1. a) Improving your personality is possible, but it is not easy.

b) If you feel that the improvement of your personality is really important to you, it can be done.

2. a) Preparing to produce a product or provide a service is a long process, b) We began our .experiment with the preparation of the necessary instruments and tools.

3. a) Silver is used in producing accumulators. b) The company is involved in the production of medical instruments.

4. а) More than any school and teacher an individual is responsible for developing his own abilities, b) Scientists study the deve­lopment of animal life.

Exercise 2. Study the following sentences and say what helps to identify the "-ing" forms as the Gerunds:

1. This work requires additional training.

2. The importance of carefully selecting education or training after completing secondary school is increased.

3. Workers must continue learning to advance in their jobs.

4. An example of providing a service is selling computer time to companies, which do not have their own automated equipment.

5. Having a good sense of humor is healthy both physically and mentally.

6. Few people enjoy paying taxes.

7. Your parents began influencing your life the day you were born.

8. Most learning in school and in life comes to you through reading.

9. Having a fine library doesn't mean that its owner is a cultured man.

10. Without being able to listen or without being able to read, we would never be able to think.

11. Reading, if it is active, is thinking.

12. It will take practice before driving is easy for you.

13. Some people use words and phrases without really knowing what they mean.

14. Management is usually responsible for controlling all the fun­ctions of the establishment.

Exercise 3. Transform these sentences according to the models.

1. Are they still building their house?

No, they've just finished building.

1. Are they still discussing the problem? (to finish). 2. Is it still raining? (to stop). 3. Is the machine still working? (to break down). 4. Is she still thinking of changing the profession? (to give up).

2. I don't like it when he is doing nothing.

I don't like his doing nothing.

1. I dislike it when you are late. 2. I don't mind if you open the window. 3. His mother hates it when he is so impolite. 4. She dislikes it when someone criticizes her actions.

3. What did he say about the novel? (to read)

He said it was worth reading.

1. What did he say about the performance? (to see). 2. What did she say about the lecture? (to attend). 3. What did they say about the project? (to approve). U. What did he say about my arti­cle? (to publish).

4. You should think it over before you give an answer.

You should think it over before giving an answer.

1. You should collect the necessary material before you start to write an article. 2. You should reserve a hotel room before

you leave on business. 3. You should discuss their offer in detail before you accept it. 4. You should review the material before you write a test.

5. I see no reason why they should leave tonight.

I see no reason for their leaving tonight.

1. I sее no reason why they should criticize him. 2. He gave me no reasons why he should engage that business. 3. I don't like the idea that I should do everything myself. 4. There is a way this problem can be settled.

6. I Suppose Mr Anderson saw the manager before leaving?

No, he left without seeing the manager.

1. I suppose Mrs Blake left a message (записка) before going away? 2. I suppose he thought the offer over before accepting it? 3. I suppose you made some changes before handing the paper?

Exercise 4. Make up sentences using Gerunds after these words and word combinations:

to start, to enjoy, to hate, to remember, to mind, to be busy. to thank for, to depend on, reason for, after, before, instead of, without, by, afraid of, fond of, sorry for, opportunity of.

Exercise 5. Read the sentences with the “be worth + Gerund” constructions and translate them:

1. This book is worth reading. 2. Is the film worth going to see? 3. II think the museum is worth visiting. 4. The problem is worth considering. 5. It’s not worth worrying about. 6. The play is well worth seeing. 7. The camera is worth buying. 8. His advice is worth following. 9. It is worth struggling for. 10. Those old shoes are not worth repairing.

Exercise 6. Answer these questions. Use “worth”.

Model: “Will you vote for Mr Brook?”

“Certainly. He is worth voting for”/ “Certainly not. He is not worth voting for.”

1. Shall we see the film? 2. Shall we discuss this problem? 3. Will you photograph this country scene (вид)? 4. Do you remember Joe? 5. Do you remember what Sindy said? 6. Don’t forget to mention this fact. 7. Will you subscribe (подписаться) to this magazine?

Exercise 7. Say it in English

1. Факт не стоит, чтобы о нем упоминать.

2. Этот человек не стоит, чтобы из-за него ссориться (to quarrel about).

3. Ради этого стоит жить.

4. Проблема не стоит того, чтобы её обсуждать.

5. Мой дом в десяти минутах ходьбы отсюда. Не стоит брать такси.

6. Ты считаешь, что эту статью стоит перевести?

7. Это событие не стоит, чтобы о нём говорить.

8. Этот метод стоит, чтобы его внедрить, не так ли?

Exercise 8. Identify the constructions with the Gerund and translate the sentences:

1. His failing at the examination surprised us.

2. Your teacher wouldn't he very happy about your, being late.

3. Some people believe in computer's being a thinking machine.

4. It may be that our first meeting with beings from other worlds is already nearer to us in time than Columbus' landing in the Hew World.

5. One reason for the adults continuing education is to improve their job skills.

6. The happiness of a student consists in his achieving „the free­dom to use his mind.

7. The possibility of one's living to age seventy without an accident is quite low.

Text Study

Exercise 1. See whether you have guessed the meanings of the following words from Text' A correct:

1. purchase - buy; get in exchange for money

2. lifetime - the length of time that a person lives'

3. luxury - something which is not strictly necessary to life but which makes life more enjoyable and pleasant, usually something expensive or difficult to get

4. gregarious - liking to be with others; liking the companies with others

5. status - social position or rank

6. shelter - a place of safety and protection; one's home

7. affection - kind and friendly feeling, love

8. pride - too high an 9plnion of one's own worth, rank, qualities, etc.

9. match - be equal to, correspond with (in quality, colour, etc.)

10. benefit - that which helps happiness; advantage.

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations and use them in situations or sentences of your own:

an average person's lifetime; to learn throughout one's life­time; to find shelter from cold and wind; shelters available to young families; to live in luxury; to be friendly and gregarious;

to purchase all necessary for living; to be Interested in status, the benefits of a good education.

Exercise 3. Study the contexts in which the structure words given below are used and arrange them into the groups of:

1. connectives b) intensifiers

indeed, which, at least, as, how, very, unless, even, once, if, well, only, also, of course, since.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What are three main reasons why people work?

2. What goods and services are necessary for an average person's life and well-being?

3. Do you agree that, an automobile is a necessity?

4. What does "luxury" mean? What things do you think could be

5. Why is placing in solitary a bad punishment?

6. Why do people seek contacts with other people?

7. What is the principal source of social contacts for a working person?

8. What is self-esteem?

9. The importance of work is not the same for everyone, isn't it?

10. What is your own outlook on work?

11. De you think a person can be satisfied with life without being successful in his work?

12. What is the chief way of measuring our own usefulness?

13. Why is self-respect so important?

14. What benefits can a person receive from working?

15. What things do you suppose he must give to his work?

Part II

Exercise 1. Read Text В and guess what word is missing. Say what you think of it.

Text B

Most of the ... that most people have to do is not in itself interesting but even such ... has certain great advantages.

To begin with, it fills a good many hours of the day without the need of deciding what one shall do. Most people when they are left free to fill their own time according to their own choice, are at a loss to think of anything sufficiently pleasant to be worth doing. And whatever they decide on, they are troubled bу the feeling that something else would have been more pleasant. To be able to fill leisure intelligently is the last product of civilization, and at present very few people have reached this level.

(Bertrarid Russel)

Note:

advantage - преимущество

Exercise 2. Read Text С and pick out the sentence that expresses the general idea of it.

Text С

Since the work you do will have a great influence upon your life, then selecting appropriate career goal is one of your most important considerations. You need experiences which can prepare you for attractive and interesting work. Your life's work (your career) should match your abilities, values, interests, personality, and overall lifestyle goals. Success in your work influences all aspects of your life. People who have successful careers often find that their success is accompanied by happiness, satisfaction in life, and the ability to have closer personal relationships with family and friends.

Note:

appropriate - подходящий, соответствующий

Exercise 3. Before reading Text D mind the following assign­ments :

1. Read the title and the first paragraph of the text and specify its subject.

2. Translate the title of the text and specify its field (science, methods of teaching, history, regional geography, etc.)

3. Find and read aloud the paragraph describing the principles on

which methods of teaching fast reading are based.

4. Find some sentences that show the advantage of fast reading.