Words and word combinations to be remembered:

law (n) – 1) закон; 2) право

public law – государственное право

civil law – гражданское право

private law – гражданское право

criminal law – уголовное право

lawyer (n) – юрист

purchase (n) – покупка

deal (n) – сделка, соглашение

deal (v) – общаться, иметь дело (с кем-либо)

secure (v) – 1) обеспечивать, гарантировать

2) получить, добиться

conduct (n) – поведение

rule (n) – правило, норма

enforce (v) – 1) проводить в жизнь, придавать силу;

2) принуждать, заставлять

enforceable (a) – имеющий исковую силу; могущий быть

принудительно осуществленным в судебном

порядке

enforceable (n) – 1) принудительное осуществление или взыскание

по суду

2) принуждение к исполнению

court (n) – суд

court action – судебный процесс

repeal (v) – отменять

include (v) – включать

pass (v) – принимать

relationship (n) – взаимоотношение

concern (v) – касаться, иметь отношение

real estate – недвижимое имущество

injury (n) – 1) вред, повреждение; 2) рана, ушиб

violence (n) – насилие

case (n) – 1) дело; 2) судебное дело

attorney (n) – адвокат

intention (n) – намерение, цель

defense (n) – защита

legal (a) – юридический, правовой

opinion (n) – мнение

statement (n) – утверждение, заявление

obligation (n) – обязательство

Read and translate the text.

Text a. You and the Law

Wherever people live together, they must develop rules of conduct. Without rules, there are no guidelines in dealing with one another. Laws are a set of rules that government enforces through the courts and other agencies. You have heard people say, “It is against the law”. This means it is against the rules of the country or community to do certain acts. New laws are made while others are repealed to meet cultural needs each year. Laws make it possible for people to live together peacefully.

There are two major classifications of laws: public law and civil law. Public law includes constitutional law, international law, administrative law, and criminal law. Public laws are passed to regulate the relationships between individuals and the government. Private law and civil law include the rules that regulate the relationship among people and are concerned with contracts, real estate, and personal injury.

You probably have heard more about criminal law. However, more court action and lawyer’s time is spent in civil law cases. Young people know it is against the law to steal or commit crimes of violence against other people, but they may not know much about the laws concerned with contracts, personal injury, or real estate.

Only a small percentage of our population breaks the law and requires an attorney for a court defense. Nevertheless, a family with honest intentions may get into legal difficulties. Almost everyone needs the services of a lawyer at some time.

It is good business to secure the services of an attorney for legal advice on important problems. This is especially true where a complicated contract or will is to be written.

It must be remembered that questions given to a lawyer will be

answered in the form of an opinion. It is not wise for a lawyer to give a definite statement, since all the circumstances may not be known, and a higher court may later reverse the lower court decision.

In our modern society, there is an increasing need to depend on others for the necessities of life. When dealing with people we often make promises that are legal obligations enforceable through court action. In fact, many of these promises are legal contracts. Thus, it is important for the young worker to understand the legal aspects of entering into a contract.

Notes to the text:

to meet needs – соответствовать потребностям

to break the law – нарушать закон

to enter into a contract – заключать контракт