Словосложение

Упражнение 25.

а) переведите следующие сложные существительные на русский язык; б) сгруппируйте их по структурным типам; в) выделите слова с переносным значением.

A. pocket-book, slave-trader, man-of-war, woodland, kitchen-garden, teapot, armchair, water-mill, slave-owner, hide-and-seek, wheel-barrow, school-room, newspaper, table-cloth, washstand, night-fall, earthquake, window-sill, blackboard, looking-glass, birthday, drawing-room, starlight, schoolchildren, bedroom, housemaid.

B. sawbones, make-believe, money-making, cry-baby, daughter-in-law, coal-heaver, makeshift, merry-making, prisoner-of-war, caretaker, rank-and-file, story-telling, coffee-room, watch-maker, frying-pan, fault-finder, handshake, deerskin, laughing-stock, windmill.

Упражнение 26.

а) переведите следующие сложные прилагательные на русский язык; б) сгруппируйте их по

структурным типам; в) выделите группу сложнопроизводных прилагательных; г)

подберите сложные слова с одинаковым первым или вторым компонентом.

A. quick-mannered, horror-stricken, ordinary-looking, noble-hearted, newly-healed, broad-chested, tongue-tied, ill-used, good-natured, open-faced, rough-looking, dark-eyed, golden-brown.

B. heart-breaking, military-looking, snake-headed, shame-stricken, gold-green, rose-shaded, medium-sized, oft-hearted, world-wide, ill-suited, light-blue, hard-won, breath-taking, low-hanging, left-handed, pear-shaped, high-healed, curly-haired, cold-blooded, fast-yellowing, ill-fitting, oak-panelled, trust-worthy, dark-skinned, blood-thirsty.

Упражнение 27.

а) переведите на русский язык следующие слова; б) выделите слова, обозначающие профессию, занятие, принадлежность к определенному месту, национальность и т.д.

A. workman, footman, foreman, policeman, Englishman.

B. tradesman, cabman, yeoman, keyman, clubman, salesman, townsman, newspaperman, Irishman, Yorkshireman, churchman.

Упражнение 28.

а) подберите группы сложных существительных, вторым компонентом которых являются

основы следующих слов; б) переведите их на русский язык:

A. -room, -maker, -yard, -looking, -corner, -tree, -light, -keeper.

B. -finder, -holder, -dealer.

Упражнение 29.

а) переведите на русский язык следующие сложные слова; б) выделите слова, значение которых не может быть выведено из суммы значений составляющих их компонентов:

A. work-folk, newcomer, cowslip, middle-class, lady-bug, turtle-catching, sweet-william, ladysmock, turnip-field, honeysuckle.

B. 1) dog-hole, dog-lead, dog's ear, dog Latin, dog-rose, dog-sleep, dog-skin, dog-days, dog-cheap; 2) wall-flower, wall-eye, wall-paper, wall-pier, wall-painting; 3) guinea-fowl, guinea-pig; 4) hare- brained, hare-lip, harebell; 5) pigeon-English, pigeon-hole, pigeongram; 6) lady-killer, lady-bird, lady-chair.

Образование глаголов путем присоединения послеглагольных словообразовательных элементов

Упражнение 30.

A. I. Глагол to get + послеглагольный элемент.

1) Tom's mother gets up early because she has much work to do. 2) "Hey you! Get off! This car 'is for white people," he shouts. 3) Then I made a wall round it so that if any wild man or beast should come they would find it hard to get in. 4) Six of the crew, of whom I was one, got into a small boat, and so were able to get away from the ship and the rock. 5) The emperor and his lords got down from the horses, and the empress and her ladies came out of their carriages.

II. Глагол to look + послеглагольный элемент.

1) One day while Tom is riding his bicycle, he suddenly sees a white man. The white man is crossing the street… Tom cries: “Look out!” 2) The woman had stopped crying and was looking up at Tom with hope. 3) I went to my window, opened it and looked out.

III. Глагол to put + послеглагольный элемент.

1) ... the next time I went to sea we had not been gone many days when a very bad storm came on. We gave the ship up for lost and all we could do was to put out the boat and hope for the best. 2) Take off your clothes and put on mine, and I shall put on yours. 3) That same day there came a storm. It was so rough that we felt sure the blacks who had put off in their boats could not have got to land, but must have been lost. 4) Therefore he begged His Majesty not to give the order to put you to death, but to give an order to put out both your eyes. 5) Sometimes I would put up my sail; and then my business was only to steer. ..

IV. Глагол to go + послеглагольный элемент.

1) One day my master told me to take a gun and go out in a boat, with two other slaves, a man and a boy, and catch some fish for him. When all was ready I went off with these two. 2) Those on board the ship must have seen it, for I then heard five or six guns go off. 3) But in the morning he had to go out in his rags to beg. 4) But the little darky can't go in, this circus is for white children only.

V. Глагол to blow + послеглагольный элемент.

1) Mrs. Smith gives each child a piece of cake and some ice-cream. Then she says: “And now let us blowout the candles!” 2) Then at length a breeze blew up, and I set my sail.

В. I. Глагол to throw + послеглагольный элемент.

1) The Frenchman threw up his arms. 2) Why, look at the way he threw up his chances when he left my office. 3) “I am going for a drive that day with Uncle Swithin,” she answered. “Uncle Swithin! What does he matter? You can throw him over!”4) I may as well tell you that I should have thrown it up only I'm not in the habit of giving up what I've set my mind on.

II. Глагол to call + послеглагольный элемент.

1) Well, have you seen everything? I'm sorry I was called away. 2) I'll write you more about that, or call you up. 3) Or they would call out after him, “Hey, you are the fellow whose sister plays the organ ... “

III. Глагол to look + послеглагольный элемент.

1) Isidor, the valet, had looked on very sulkily while Osborne's servant was disposing of his master's baggage ... 2) “Well, suppose he is fond of me ... You don't suppose I can't defend my own honor,” said the little woman looking as stately as a queen. “Oh, oh, why – give you fair warning - look out, you know - that's all," said the moustachio-twiddler. 3) I've come to look you up and see that everything's all right. 4) He came home and looked out his history in the Peerage.

Упражнение 31.

Выделите примеры, в которых послеглагольный элемент: а) подчеркивает завершенность действия, выраженного глаголом; б) уточняет направление движения, выраженного глаголом; используется в стилистических целях для придания глаголу большей выразительности, а также: г) случаи, когда значение составного глагола не вытекает из значения его компонентов. Переведите составные глаголы на русский язык и отметьте, как оттенки их значения выражения в русском языке.

A. 1) In a hurry the family gathered up their few things and left the house. 2) “Eat up your beans, Tom, or you will be hungry,” says his mother. 3) When at last the shout died down, the Lord Protector said: “The beggar must be thrown in prison.”4) No one wants to go there at night, and it was cruel to shut me up alone without a candle. 5) I was looking at them and also at the teachers when suddenly the whole school stood up. 6) Tom is waiting for Billy. He waits ... two minutes! Then he jumps up. 7) Tom wants to know if a Negro boy can be the captain of a ship in the Soviet Union when he grows up. 8) Shake off your sadness, your majesty. 9) All these orders were carried out. 10) The king heard the noise and raised his head, then held out his hand. 11) They brought me one of their largest barrels which they then rolled towards my hand, and beat out the top. 12) During that time I cut down with my knife some of the largest trees in the palace park. 13) The wife cut up a small piece of meat and some bread for me. 14) These rebellions in our country were always stirred up by the kings of Blefuscu. 15) He asked how new lords were created for the House of Lords when any noble family died out completely. 16) “Is it all over?” she asked. “Have you cried your grief away?” 17) He looked at the new girl with admiring eyes, till he saw that she had noticed him; then he pretended he did not know she was present, and began to “show off” in all sorts of absurd boyish ways. 18) The boys cried out to each other but they could hear nothing. 19) I then thought I would take some long walks over the island to see the whole of it. So one day I set off with my dog and gun.

B. 1) Surprise and greetings over, he led her away into the grounds, where they could talk without shouting down the music. 2) He stood up close-lipped and cold. 3) When she saw him coming out of the station with a kit-bag in either hand, she was confirmed in her predisposition. 4) And she was left fading away in her lonely chamber. 5) “No,” cried Ramage, “hear me out!” 6) I've planned it all out. 7) "Yes, do," she said and suddenly stood up before Kipps could formulate an inquiry. 8) And even the sound of the music died away. 9) He used to come in as bold as a lord and drink off his glass by his father's side. 10) Joke away, Mr. George; there is nobody to defend me. 11) You could cut off your moustache. I can't cut off my nose. 12) When Lester brought in the French officer, Troy knew that something had gone wrong. 13) George came and took a tender leave of her the next morning and then hurried off to the city. 14) Then it was on my account that your home life was broken up, mother. 15) I've hunted up all sorts of things. 16) And that very evening Mrs. O'Dowd wrote off to her sister Glorvina at O'Dowdstown not to hurry from Dublin. 17) Here, take away the liqueurs, John. 18) The older man quailed in his turn and looked away. 19) She waved him an adieu from the window, and stood there for a moment looking out after he was gone. 20) The carriage rolled away. 21) The one in front stretched out his open hands either in a gesture of welcome, or to show that they were empty. 22) A wild-looking old gentleman came and looked in at the window. 23) The captain would laugh in rather an absurd, constrained manner, and turn off the conversation to some topic of general interest. 24) They wear out their souls and bodies, trying to make a success of them.

Упражнение 32.

В. Глагол to put + послеглагольный элемент.

1. to put + out.

1) He put out his hand in the half-dark. 2) But later - ... as he was putting out the light before getting into bed... he was struck by the thought.

2. to put + up.

1) Rachel's hand had put a curtain up. 2) Winifred Dartie at sixty-two was marvellously preserved considering the three-and-thirty years during which she had put up with Montague Dartie. 3) He had gently taken Louisa's parasol from her hand, and had put it up for her.

3. to put + off.

1) Belknap continued with a request that the sentence be put off until the following Friday. 2) And seeing this, she put him off, at times evaded him. 3) Look, John! I might put you off with talk about your both being too young and not knowing your own minds, and all that, but you wouldn't listen ...

4. to put + down.

1) Holly put down the spoon she was using. 2) Better put his name down on your check list. 3) It was generally put down to inattention on her part.

Глагол to take + послеглагольный элемент.

1. to take + up.

1) With what mingled joy and sorrow do I take up the pen to write to my dearest friend? 2) Clyde was always thinking that if by chance he should be taken up by the Griffiths he would need as many social accomplishments as possible. 3) Jos will be sure to leave Emmy in the crowd, he will be so taken up with Miss Sharp here. 4) And now Lord Augustus I have taken up too much of your valuable time. Good-bye. 5) After a moment she took up the conversation in the former vein.

2. to take + on.

1) His eyes took on a hurt look. 2) Don't take on miss. I did not like to tell you. 3) ... one might freely take on as many girls as were needed ... and then, once the rush was over as freely drop them - unless, occasionally, a very speedy worker was found among the novices.

3. to take + in.

1) Nonsense! You are much too young to begin match-making; you would be taken in by some pretty little nobody. 2) “Yes, I guess that's so,” the other assented taking in the peculiar cast of the boy's face. 3) The hotel was large and the people kind, and all the inmates of the cart were taken in and placed on various couches. 4) Had Mrs. Sedley been a woman of energy, she would have exerted it after her husband's ruin, and occupying a large house would have taken in boarders.

Упражнение 33.

Определите, с какими составными глаголами соотносятся выделенные жирным шрифтом существительные. Дайте перевод существительного и соответствующего глагола на русский язык.

B. 1) He contrasted wonderfully with the empty showing-off of Teddy. 2) The plane crashed on take-off. 3) “Hell,” said Jeff, “what a man. It'll be such a come-down to have to contradict it.” 4) And because of the general excellence of the food, to say nothing of the geniality of its present manager, it had become the hangout of passing actors, politicians, local businessmen. 5) And who is there will deny that. .. their partaking of this coffee, which they drank together while the bugles were sounding the turn-out and the drums beating in the various quarters of the town was not more useful and to the purpose, than the outpouring of any mere sentiment could be? 6) For instance, through the interest of my Lord Bareacres, and as a set-off for the dinner at the restaurateur's, George got a card for Captain and Mrs. Osborne. 7) Dogs were used to round up Kenya men, women, and children in the area of West Thomson Falls ... I said that these round-ups were accompanied by dogs. 8) As the car crossed the zone of scattered dwellings that separated Oakland from Berkeley he kept a lookout for a familiar two-storey building ... 9) In reality he never rested and a weaker body or a less firmly poised brain would have been prostrated in a general break-down. 10) Come on, little darky! Keep up with the grown-ups!....