19. Write down all adverbs from Texts a and b.

Mainly, …, …

20. Fill in the table writing out from Texts a and b the adjectives with the suffixes –al, -ant (-ent), -ible (-able), - er, -en. Then choose any five items and make your own sentences.

-al	-ant, -ent	-able, -ible	-er	-en

21. Fill in the gaps with the words listed below.

a) downstream	d) water supply	g) located
b) release	e) over	h) include
c) structure	f) destroy	i) outlets

A spillway is a 1) ______ used to provide for the controlled release of flood flows from a dam or levee into a 2) ______ area, typically being the river that was dammed. Spillways 3) ______ floods so that the water does not overtop and damage or even 4) ______ the dam. Except during flood periods, water does not normally flow 5) ______ a spillway. In contrast, an intake is a structure used to release water on a regular basis for 6) ______, hydroelectricity generation, etc. Floodgates and fuse plugs may be designed into spillways to regulate water flow and dam height. Other uses of the term "spillway" 7) ______ bypasses of dams or outlets of a channels used during high water, and outlet channels carved through natural dams such as moraines.

A spillway is 8) ______ at the top of the reservoir pool. Dams may also have bottom outlets with valves or gates which may be operated to release flood flow, and a few dams lack overflow spillways and rely entirely on bottom 9) ______.

22. Put the jumbled paragraphs in the right order.

1) ___ 2) ___ 3) ___ 4) ___ 5) ___ 6) ___ 7) ___

a) An uncontrolled spillway, in contrast, does not have gates; when the water rises above the lip or crest of the spillway it begins to be released from the reservoir. The rate of discharge is controlled only by the depth of water within the reservoir.

b) All of the storage volume in the reservoir above the spillway crest can be used only for the temporary storage of floodwater, and cannot be used as water supply storage because it is normally empty.

c) A controlled spillway has mechanical structures or gates to regulate the rate of flow. This design allows nearly the full height of the dam to be used for water storage year-round, and flood waters can be released as required by opening one or more gates.

d) Warning signs, sirens, and other measures may be in place to warn users of the downstream area of sudden release of water. Operating protocols may require "cracking" a gate to release a small amount of water to warn persons downstream. Sudden closure of a spillway gate may result in stranding of fish.

e) There are two types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled.

f) Spillway gates may operate suddenly without warning, under remote control. Trespassers within the spillway run the risk of drowning. Spillways are usually fenced and equipped with locked gates to prevent casual trespass within the structure.

g) Some spillways are designed like an inverted bell so that water can enter all around the perimeter (also termed “a morning glory design”). In areas where the surface of the reservoir may freeze, bell-mouth spillways are normally fitted with ice-breaking arrangements to prevent the spillway from becoming ice-bound. This type of spillway is also known as a glory hole.