4. Finish the following sentences according to the text.
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Reservoirs are built for …
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… must be controlled to provide water consumers with …
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There are some types of the reservoirs: …
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The main functions of the reservoirs are …
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The most important physical characteristic is …
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Capacity of the reservoirs must be determined from …
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Useful storage may be subdivided into … and …
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Leakage may occur if …
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The relation between yield and capacity is …
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Yield depends on …
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Most water-storage reservoirs must have safe and …
5. Fill in the table according to the text.
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Main physical characteristics of a reservoir are … |
…, … |
|
Other physical characteristics include … |
water-surface profile, … |
6. Answer the following questions.
1) Why are dams built in the river channel?
2) Do rivers carry a constant amount of water in natural conditions?
3) What do water consumers require?
4) What must be controlled?
5) What can effect the control of the river run-off?
6) What types of the reservoir do you know?
7) What are the major functions of the reservoir?
8) What must be determined from topographic surveys?
9) What are the useful and dead storages?
10) What may the useful storage be subdivided into?
11) When may leakage occur?
12) When is the cost of grouting great?
13) Must constructions along the banks of the reservoir be located above the water level?
14) What is the most important aspect of storage-reservoir design?
15) What is yield dependent upon?
7. Read the text again, make its plan and title it.
8. Make a short summary of the text.
9. Do you know the meaning of the following terms? Fill in the correct word from the list below.
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a) storage(conservation) reservoirs |
e) minimum pool level |
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b) distribution reservoirs |
f) normal pool level |
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c) drought |
g) sedimentation |
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d) yield |
h) flood |
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_______ can retain excess water from periods of high flow for use during periods of drought.
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Many cities provide for the construction of _______ because of the varying rate of water consumption during the day.
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_______ is the maximum elevation to which the reservoir surface will rise during ordinary operating conditions.
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_______ is the lowest elevation to which the water surface in the pool is to be lowered under normal conditions.
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_______ is the amount of water which can be supplied from the reservoir in a specified interval of time.
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_______ is the process of deposition of a solid material from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water).
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_______ is lack or insufficiency of rain for an extended period that severely disturbs the hydrologic cycle in an area.
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________ is a high-water stage in which water overflows its natural or artificial banks onto normally dry land, such as a river inundating its floodplain.
10. Find the synonyms of the following words in text A.
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1) to construct - … |
6) to influence - … |
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2) to produce, to make - … |
7) to supply -… |
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3) to be situated - … |
8) pervious - … |
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4) to control - … |
9) chief - … |
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5) quantity - … |
10) to alter - … |
11. Find the antonyms of the following words in text A.
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1) variable - … |
5) moist - … |
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2) uncontrolled - … |
6) constant, permanent - … |
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3) dangerous - … |
7) insignificant - … |
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4) to separate - … |
8) to hide - … |
12. Make sure you know the nouns formed from the following verbs.
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to require →… |
to depend→… |
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to regulate →… |
to result→… |
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to store →… |
to vary →… |
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to separate →… |
to create →… |
13. Make sure you know the verbs formed from the following nouns.
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characteristic →… |
design→… |
cost→… |
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a size →… |
distribution→… |
loss→… |
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a survey →… |
construction →… |
depth →… |
14. Fill in the correct prepositions then choose any five items and make sentences.
1) to be effected ___ sth.; 2) the size ___ the reservoir; 3) to be constructed ___ natural conditions; 4) to be determined ___ surveys; 5) to be subdivided ___ sth.; 6) to enter ___ sth.; 7) to be located ___ sth.; 8) to be dependent ___ sth.; 9) to vary ___ sth. ___ sth.; 10) to result ___sth.
15. Find the translation of the following terms and memorize their meaning.
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stream |
turbulence |
probable |
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suspended particles |
to reduce |
trap |
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a river bed |
to deposit |
sufficient |
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bed load |
to remain |
to warrant |
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gravity |
a sluiceway |
to prevent |
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to settle |
a turbine |
to retard |
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upward currents |
spillways |
to select |
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to counteract |
velocity |
to ensure |
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efficiency |
to compare |
prolonged |
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sediment |
completion |
linearly |