28. Answer the following questions.

1. What does a buttress dam consist of?

2. What is the cross-section of buttress dam?

3. What are the types of buttress dams?

4. Where may a flat-slab buttress dam be constructed?

5. Why must the thicknesses and spacing between upright buttresses be sufficient?

6. Does buttress spacing vary with height of a dam?

7. When is more formwork required?

8. What may be utilized to resist buckling of the buttresses?

9. What buttresses are used to increase the effective buttress width?

10. What is articulation of a dam?

11. What is the joint between the slab and buttress filled with?

12. Even minor settlement of the foundation will harm the structure, won’t it?

13. How can one reduce the foun­dation pressures?

14. What materials may flat-slab dams be built on?

15. Do the multiple-arch dams require a better foundation than the flat-slab dams do?

16. Why is the design of a multiple-arch dam more econo­mical for high dams?

17. What forces act on the buttress dams?

18. What forces may be neglected?

19. What material do buttress dams require?

20. Are buttress dams less expensive then gravity dams? Why?

21. What can you say about the foundation for buttress dams?

22. What should be provided if the foundation material is permeable?

23. How can the height of the buttress dam be increased?

24. Where are buttress dams usually used?

25. Why are powerhouses and water-treatment plans placed between the buttresses of dams?

26. What are the first steps in the construction of buttress dams?

27. Why must care be taken in the construction of formwork, handling of concrete and placing of reinforcing steel?

28. What is required in all construction joints?

29. Why is the time for construction of a buttress dam usually less and the problem of water diversion somewhat simplified?

30. Can you name the most famous buttress dams in the world?

29. Make a plan and then a short summary of the text.

30. Match the meanings of the terms with their definitions.

settlement formation foundations to divert beam

1) _______ is the way sth is naturally made or the way it has been arranged.

2) _______ is a long thick piece of wood, metal or concrete, esp. used to support weight in a building or other structure.

3) _______ means to cause (sth or sb) to change direction.

4) _______ are the structures below the surface of the ground which support a building.

5) _______ is the process of the slow sinking of a building or the ground.

31. Match the words with their synonyms.

1) joint	9) succession	a) mixture	i) be made of
2) consist of	10) spacing	b) strictly	j) connection
3) load	11) closely	c) distance	k) adequate
4) reduce	12) massive	d) area	l) series
5) location	13) rigidly	e) weight	m) nearly
6) sufficient	14) compound	f) diminish	n) bulky
7) total	15) attach	g) join	o) silt
8) utilize	16) overburden	h) use	p) whole